Introduction to Infrastructure

Dr Krupa Shah
Electrical Engineering
Institute of Infrastructure, Technology, Research and Management
(IITRAM)
 Few Questions
• Find power drawn from the source when load is resistive?
• Find power drawn from the source when load is inductive?
• What is active and reactive power?
• Classification of power system?
• Why we go for transformer?
• Why do we use three phase power?
• In which form energy is generated?
• In which form energy is distributed?
• What is power factor and how it is important?
 Prime Mover
Prime movers use the different sources of energy as mentioned
below and convert different form of energy in to mechanical energy.
 Burning of fuels (heat energy)
Thermal prime mover like heat engine, reciprocating steam
engines , steam turbine, closed cycle gas turbine, reciprocating
I.C. engines , open cycle gas turbine. These prime movers use
various fuels like petrol, diesel, oil, gas to generate mechanical
power.

 River water (potential/kinetic energy)

Here prime mover is hydraulic turbine through which power is
generated. Water flowing from certain height contains the
potential energy. This potential energy is converted into kinetic
energy when it reaches to the prime mover.
 Prime Mover (continue)
 Fission/fusion of atoms (heat energy)
Nuclear power plants wherein various radioactive elements like
uranium, thorium are used for these fission or fusion process in a
nuclear reactor.

 Wind energy
With the help of wind turbine the wind energy is converted into
the power.

 Tidal power
The energy of tides from ocean is converted into the power by
the use of turbine which is known as tidal power.
 Prime Mover (continue)
 Solar energy
This energy trapped in with the help of solar panel made up of
semiconductor material. This heat energy is then converted into
power.

 Geothermal
In this type of prime mover the heat energy is obtained from a
certain depth or the hot part of the earth below earth surface then
it is converted into mechanical by proper engine.

 Bio gas
Bio gas is mainly produced from a garbage or any other waste
which is used to produce power by prime mover in a biogas
plant.
• Prime mover is device that uses the energy from natural sources and
converts it into the mechanical energy.

• It is a group of machines that transforms energy from thermal,

electrical, or pressure into mechanical form for use in different
sources for some mechanical work. Engines and turbines are
examples.

• You can refer below mentioned site to have some basic idea
http://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/156289-Prime-
movers-and-various-sources-of-energy.aspx
http://www.brighthubengineering.com/machine-design/74192-what-
is-a-prime-mover/
Power Generation, Transmission and
Distribution

7
 Need for Transformer

P=8.2 kW P=8.2 kW

Without Transformer With Transformer

I line  35.7  33o I line  3.57  31o

Power Loss = I 2
Rline  510W Power Loss =
2
I line Rline  5W
line 8
 Voltage Transformation
• Resistive potential divider

• Inductive potential divider ?

• How much power will be consumed in inductor?

• Drawback of the system if any?

 Why 3-phase system?
From power waveforms, it is clear that in 3-phase system, the instantaneous power is always constant
over the cycle results in smooth and vibration free operation of machine. Whereas in 1-ø system the
instantaneous power is pulsating hence change over the cycle, which leads to vibrations in machines.

Flexibility

Power to weight ratio of 3-ø apparatus is high as compare to that of 1-ø. Means for
generation/utilisation for same amount of Electric Power, the size of 3-ø apparatus is small as compare
to 1-ø apparatus. Hence, the overall cost of can be reduced for generation/utilisation of same amount of
power. Moreover, of due to reduction in weight, transportation and installation alternator become
convenient and less space is required to accommodate the alternator in power house.

For transmission and distribution of same amount of power, the requirement of conductor material is
less in 3-ø system as compare to 1-ø system. Hence, the 3-ø transmission and distribution system is
economical as compare 1-ø system.

3 phase power generating and delivering is more efficient than 2 phase which in turn is more efficient
than 1 phase. Similarly, going up in the number of phases result in increased efficiency. It was
calculated that 3 phase delivery is about 150% more efficient than single phase. This is the optimum
choice as going higher than that the increased efficiency does not justify the increased complexity of
using more phases.
 Magnetism
• Magnetic field

• Magnetic force (F)

• Magnetic field strength or magnetic field intensity or magnetizing force or

field intensity (H)

• Magnetic flux (Φ)

• Magnetic flux density or magnetic field (B)

At any point in magnetic field, the H (cause) is a force that maintains flux
and produces particular value of B (effect).
 How magnetic field is created?

• Conductor with no current

• Conductor with current downwards
• Conductor with current upwards

• Only moving charges (or current carrying conductor) can produce

magnetic field which is perpendicular to the direction of moving
charge. The direction can be found by applying Right Hand Rule.
 Improving Magnetic Field Strength

• Single conductor
• Single conductor bent in a loop
• Solenoid
• Define magnetic poles

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