Kes
Sistem endokrin adalah
sistem kelenjar yang
masing mengeluarkan jenis
hormon langsung ke dalam
aliran darah untuk
mengatur tubuh.
Fungsi :
Terdiri atas glandula dan
kumpulan sel-sel yang
menghasilkan hormon,
mengatur pertumbuhan
seluler dan tubuh, bahan-
bahan kimia dalam tubuh
dan reproduksi.
Istilah yang berkaitan
dengan keadaan
patologis
Acromegaly (acr(o) = anggota gerak ;
megaly = pembesaran)
Pembesaran tulang-tulang yang terdapat di
ujung-ujung akibat kelainan metabolisme
Glycosuria (Glyc(o) = gula ; uria = keadaan
urin)
Terdapat gula dalam urin
Hyperglycemia (Hyper = berlebihan ;
Gly(o) = gula ; emia = kondisi dalam darah
Kadar gula yang tinggi dalam darah
Thyrotoxicosis (Thyr(o) = kelenjarThyroid
; toxic(o) = racun ; osis = keadaan)
Keadaan kelenjar gondok yang sangat aktif
sehingga kadar hormon yang dihasilkan
menjadi tinggi
Istilah yang berhubungan dengan prosedur,
tindakan dan keahlian
Endocrinologist (Endo =
didalam ; crin(o) = sekret ;
logist
Ahli penyakit endokrin
Thyroid echogram ((Thyr(o)
= kelenjar gondok ; oid =
menyerupai ; ech(o) = suara ;
gram = catatan)
Rekaman yang diperoleh dari
pemeriksaan kelenjar gondok
dengan menggunakan suara
HORMON
Hormon merupakan substansi kimiawi yang diproduksi oleh organ tubuh
/ sel organ tubuh / sel-sel yang tersebar dalam tubuh, dimana mempunyai
efek pengaturan aktivitas organ tubuh / sekumpulan organ tubuh / sel-
sel dalam jaringan tubuh (Greenspan & Garder, 2004; Chew & Leslie 2006).
Hormon dapat mempengaruhi pertumbuhan, metabolisme, aktivitas
reproduksi, dan perilaku.
Hormon Protein / Contoh: Insulin, Gonadotropin,
Larut Air Peptida Growth Hormone (GH), Prolaktin
Artinya:
“Hai orang-orang yang beriman, diwajibkan atas kamu berpuasa
sebagaimana diwajibkan atas orang-orang sebelum kalian agar kamu
bertakwa”
(QS. Al Baqarah: 183)
Case Studies
Diabetes
This 64-year-old white female has been seen for a periodic evaluation of her
diabetic status. She has been diabetic for approximately three years. Initially
she was treated with oral antidiabetic agents, but because of poor control
she was shifted to insulin therapy. Presently, she injects Humulin-N insulin
28 units and Humulin-R insulin 5 units q. a.m. Her blood sugars vary
between 170 and 270 mg/dL before breakfast. She occasionally notes mild
symptoms of hypoglycemia. The patient also takes a daily multivitamin and
thiamine 100 mg q.i.d. for treatment of diabetic neuropathy.
Physical examination shows no changes since last visit, although she reports
some elevations in blood pressure. Grade 2-3 arteriolar sclerosis is seen in
the optic fundi. The general impression is that the patient is doing well. She
is encouraged to continue on her present regime with a moderate increase
in exercise if possible.
Hyperparathyroidism
The patient is a 58-year-old white female with hyperparathyroidism. She has
a history of hypertension and, four years ago, had a left partial nephrectomy
for renal calculi. Three months prior to admission, her total calcium
increased to 10.8. Her parathyroid hormone level was within normal limits.
Physical examination shows a well-developed, well-nourished female in no
apparent distress.The remainder of the examination is noncontributory.
Cervical exploration on 8 October shows an enlarged right superior
parathyroid gland. The remaining three parathyroid glands appear normal.
The enlarged gland is excised and a biopsy taken of the remaining glands.
Pathology later reports the abnormal gland to be an adenoma.
On day 1 postop, the patient complains of perioral numbness. She shows no
other symptoms, but her serum calcium level is subnormal. She is infused
with one ampule of calcium gluconate. Her calcium levels improve by 11
October, and the patient is discharged with an appointment for a follow-up
in one week.
Pituitary Adenoma
This patient is a 53 year-old oriental female with a history of
pituitary adenoma. One year ago she underwent transsphenoidal
hypophysectomy. Since that time she is unaware of rhinorrhea,
headache, galacturia, or symptoms of hypothyroidism. She does
report urinary frequency and nocturia but no polyuria,
polydipsia, dysuria, or hematuria.
On physical examination the patient appeared mildly obese, but
not cushingoid, with signs of acromegaly. She had no
hyperpigmentation, no thyromegaly; her breasts without
galactorrhea. Neurologic function was grossly intact upon
examination.
Assays of T3 and TQ were within normal limits. A Metopirone
test of pituitary ACTH activity was normal. The patient was
discharged without any complication with instructions for a
follow-up visit.
FIGURE 16-1.
Anatomic divisions of the nervous system (anterior view).