INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

PALAKKAD, KERALA

PRESENTATION ON NANO TECHNOLOGY & ITS APPLICATION

Name Faculty

Jyoti Yadav Dr. Shanmugaraju S

201905009 Department of Chemistry

 CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Definition
 History
 Approaches used
• Top down
• Bottom up
 Tools and techniques
• Carbon nanotubes
• Quantum dots
 Materials used
 Application
• Drugs
• Fabrics
• Mobiles
• Electronics
• Computers
• Other uses
 Obstacles and Hurdles
 Conclusion
 References
 INTRODUCTION

• Inorganic chemistry often focuses on entities with atomic and molecular dimensions ranging from 0.1
to 10 nm, whereas solid-state chemistry and materials chemistry have traditionally been concerned
with solid materials with dimensions greater than 100 nm.

• The molecules ranging in between these dimension exhibit unique properties. Deviations on an atomic
level from the basic structural motif are of great interest because they can affect the bulk properties of
materials

• This presentation is concerned with nanomaterials, which are materials that have some
critical dimension between 1 and 100 nm. Over this intermediate scale, effects from the
submicrometre- and micrometer-length scales can play equal roles and quantum effects can
intervene to give rise to fascinating properties.
 DEFINITION

What is Nanotechnology ?
• The branch of technology that deals with dimensions and tolerances of less than 100 nanometers,
especially the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules.

• A Nanometre is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth of a metre (10-9)

• A nanomaterial is any material that has a critical dimension on the scale of 1 to 100 nm; a more exclusive
definition is that a nanomaterial is a substance that exhibits properties absent in both the molecular and

bulk solid state on account of it having a critical dimension in this range.

 HISTORY

• The first ever concept was presented in 1959 by the famous professor of physics Dr. Richard
P.Feynman.

• Invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 and the discovery of fullerene(C60) in
1985 lead to the emergence of nanotechnology.

• The term “Nano-technology" had been coined by Norio Taniguchi in 1974.

• Feynman described a process in which scientist would be able to control and manipulate individual
atoms and molecules
 APPROACHES USED
TOP-DOWN
• Top-down fabrication methods carve out or add on nanoscale features to a bulk material by
using physical methods.

• In this we take a macroscale (or microscale) object and carve out nanoscale patterns.
Methods of this sort are called top-down approaches.

• Patterns are first designed on a large scale, and their lateral dimensions are reduced and
then used to transfer the nanoscaled features into or on to the bulk material.
BOTTOM-UP
• The second technique is to build larger objects by controlling the arrangement of their component smaller-scale
objects. Methods of this sort are called bottom-up approaches and start with control over the arrangements of
atoms and molecules.

• The two basic approaches most widely used to prepare nanomaterials, solution methods and vapour-phase
methods, are bottom-up methods because control over the arrangement of individual atoms is exerted to

achieve larger-scale structures.

 TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
 There are several important modern developments.

 The atomic force microscope (AFM).

 The Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) are scanning probes that launched nanotechnology.

 Various techniques of nanolithography such as:

 Optical lithography.

 X-ray lithography,

 Dip pen nanolithography

 Electron beam lithography(inkjet printer) were also developed.

Lithography in MEMS context is typically the transfer of a pattern into a photosensitive material by selective exposure.
1. CARBON NANOTUBES
• Carbon nanotubes are the best example of novel nanostructures fabricated through bottom-up chemical
synthesis approaches. They have very simple chemical composition and atomic bonding configuration but
exhibit remarkably diverse structures and unparalleled physical properties. These novel materials have found
application as chemical sensors, fuel cells, field effect transistors, electrical interconnects, and mechanical
reinforcers.

• Carbon nanotubes were discovered in the early 1990s by electron microscopy. The bonding, local
coordination, and general structure of CNTs are similar to those of buckminsterfullerene, but CNTs can have

a greatly extended length, leading to a tube rather than a ball structure.

 Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical shells formed conceptually by rolling
graphene (graphitelike) sheets into closed tubular
 nanostructures with diameters matching that of C60 (0.5
nm) but lengths up to micrometres. A single-walled
nanotube (SWNT) is formed by rolling a sheet of graphene
into a cylinder.
 Carbon nanotubes self-assemble into two distinct classes,
SWNTs and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). In
MWNTs, the tube wall is composed of multiple graphene
sheets.
 Open-ended CNTs can also be used for nanorobotic spot welding to deposit
metal at specific sites for connections in integrated circuits.
 QUANTUM DOTS
Quantum dots (QDs) are tiny semiconductor particles a few nanometres in size,
having optical and electronic properties that differ from larger particles due to quantum
mechanics. They are a central topic in nanotechnology. When the quantum dots are illuminated
by UV light, an electron in the quantum dot can be excited to a state of higher energy. In the
case of a semiconducting quantum dot, this process corresponds to the transition of an electron
from the valence band to the conductance band. The excited electron can drop back into the
valence band releasing its energy by the emission of light. This light emission
(photoluminescence) is illustrated in the figure on the right. The color of that light depends on
the energy difference between the conductance band and the valence band.
• Colloidal quantum dots irradiated with a UV light. Different
sized quantum dots emit different color light due to quantum
confinement.
• Quantum dots have properties intermediate between bulk
semiconductors and discrete atoms or molecules.
Their optoelectronic properties change as a function of both
size and shape. Larger QDs of 5–6 nm diameter emit
longer wavelengths, with colors such as orange or red.
Smaller QDs (2–3 nm) emit shorter wavelengths, yielding
colors like blue and green. However, the specific colors vary
depending on the exact composition of the QD.
 NANOTECHNOLOGY IN DRUGS(CANCER)
• Provide new options for drug delivery and drug
therapies.
• Enable drugs to be delivered to precisely the right
location in the body and release drug doses on a
predetermined schedule for optimal treatment.
• Attach the drug to a nanosized carrier.
• They become localized at the disease site, i.e., cancer tumor.
• Then they release medicine that kills the tumor.
• Current treatment is through radiotherapy or chemotherapy.
• Nanobots can clear the blockage in arteries.
 NANOTECHNOLOGY IN FABRICS
• Nanotechnology in Fabrics

• The properties of familiar materials are being changed by manufacturers who are
adding nano-sized components to conventional materials to improve performance.

• For example, some clothing manufacturers are making water and stain repellent
clothing using nanosized whiskers in the fabric that cause water to bead up on the
surface.

• In manufacturing bullet proof jackets.

• Making spill & dirt resistant, antimicrobial, antibacterial fabrics.

 NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MOBILE
• Morph, a nanotechnology concept device developed by
Nokia Research Center (NRC) and the University of
Cambridge (UK).
• The Morph will be super hydrophobic making it
extremely dirt repellent.
• It will be able to charge itself from available light sources
using photovoltaic nanowire grass covering it's surface.
• Nanoscale electronics also allow stretching. Nokia
envisage that a nanoscale mesh of fibers will allow our
mobile devices to be bent, stretched and folded into any number of conceivable shapes.