Kekurangan atau ketidakseimbangan hormone katekolamin yang terdiri dari epinefrin dan
norepinefrin dapat menyebabkan rasa gelisah, kelelahan, lemas, gangguan makan, obesitas, hingga
dapat membuat disfungsi adrenal
Manifestasi klinis:
• Alcohol withdrawal
• Labile essential hypertension
• Hyperventilasi
• Hipotensi orthostatic
• Multiple pharmacologic agents: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs),
decongestants, and sympathomimetics
• Penggunaan obat illegal seperti : phencyclidine (PCP), lysergic acid
diethylamide (LSD), and cocaine
• Migrain
• Autonomic neuropathy (baroreflex failure)
• Stroke
• Toxemia of pregnancy
• Polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and
skin changes (POEMS) syndrome
• Acute intermittent porphyria
• Cardiogenic pulmonary edema
• Renovascular hypertension
• Subarachnoid hemorrhage
• Lead toxicity
Komplikasi