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OBJECTIVES:

Compare exothermic and endothermic reactions.

Explain activation energy.

Interpret an energy diagram.

Describe the factors that affect the rate of a

reaction.
CHEMICAL REACTIONS & ENERGY

Some reactions release energy

= Running a mile

Some reactions absorb energy

= Eating a meal
REACTIONS & ENERGY

Energy is needed to break chemical bonds in the

reactants

As new bonds are formed in the products, energy

is released
EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS

Chemical reaction in which energy is released

´go outµ = exo; heat = ÷


Energy can be given off in several forms

= Light energy, electrical energy, light & thermal
energy

uritten as a product:
2Na + Cl2 2NaCl + energy
ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS

A chemical reaction in which energy is taken in

´go inµ = endo

Often written as a reactant

Ex: 2H2O + energy 2H2 + O2

Ex: photosynthesis ²
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
THE LAu OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

Neither mass nor energy can be created or

destroyed in chemical reactions

Energy CAN change forms

It can be transferred from one object to another

Total amount of energy is the same before and

after the reaction
RATES OF REACTIONS

There must be enough energy to break the bonds

that hold the particles together in a molecule

The speed at which new particles form is called

the 
ACTIVATION ENERGY

A boost of energy is needed to start a reaction =



The smallest amount of energy that molecules

need to react

Ex: striking a match

= All the reactant necessary to burn
= Striking a match causes friction, which adds heat
SOURCES OF ACTIVATION ENERGY

Friction is one source of activation energy

Electric spark in an engine of a car

Light can also be a source (photosynthesis)

FACTORS AFFECTING RATES OF
REACTIONS

Rate of reaction = how fast the reaction takes

place

4 factors affect the rate of a reaction:

=  !
= 
= !
= "#$%#
TEMPERATURE

Higher temperature = faster rate of reaction

Particles of reactants move quickly

Particles collide with a lot of energy

Reactants are changed into products quickly

CONCENTRATION

High concentration = fast rate of reaction

A measure of the amount of one substance

dissolved in another

Many particles to react per given volume

Small distance between particles

SURFACE AREA

Amount of exposed surface of a substance

Increased surface area of solids = fast rate of

reaction

Grinding solid into powder increases surface area

More exposed particles

INHIBITORS

A substance that slows down or hinders a

reaction

Ex: preservatives slow down the growth of

bacteria or fungi

Ex: some antibiotics are inhibitors (penicillin)

CATALYSTS

A substance that speeds up a reaction without

being permanently changed itself

It is NOT a reactant

Lowers the activation energy of a reaction which

allows the reaction to occur more quickly

Enzymes ² speed up reactions in our bodies

Catalytic converters in cars (make exhaust less

harmful)
‰UICK ‰UIZ:

uhy does grinding a solid into a powder increase

reaction rate?

uhat is the difference between a reactant and a

catalyst?
REFERENCE:

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New York: Henry Holt & Co, 2007. Print.