bms.29. Neurologi - Higher Cortical Function
bms.29. Neurologi - Higher Cortical Function
Aldy S. Rambe
Department of Neurology
University of Sumatera Utara, School of Medicine
S I R
1. Visual agnosia
2. Auditory agnosia (pure word deafness)
3. Tactile agnosia (astereognosia)
4. Autotopagnosia
APRAXIA
VITAMIN D
vaskuler infeksi
trauma/toksik anoksik
metabolik idiopatik
neoplastik degeneratif/demielinasi
GEJALA AFASIA
A.1.
Dementia is an
acquired loss of
cognitive function
due to an abnormal
brain condition.
Demensia
IN-ART-DWF-DC-D-04
DEMENSIA
MEMORI + bahasa
fs visuospasial
kalkulasi
judgement
berpikir abstrak
problem solving skills
WHAT ARE THE CAUSES ??
COMMON CAUSES :
Alzheimer’s disease, multi infarct or vascular
dementia , Lewy body dementia, pseudodementia.
UNCOMMON CAUSES :
toxins, vitamin deficiencies, endocrine
disturbances, chronic metabolic conditions,
vasculopathies of the brain, structural
abnormalities, CNS infections
Faktor Resiko Demensia
Alzheimer’s Disease
DEMENSIA ALZHEIMER
Dulu : Dx berdasarkan otopsi
Sekarang :
klinis + pemeriksaan penunjang
akurasi 85 - 95%
Neuropathologic changes
characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
Normal AD
AP NFT
AP=amyloid plaques
NFT=neurofibrillary tangles Courtesy of Grossberg G, St. Louis University
Neurobiology of behavioural
symptoms in AD
-amyloid
accumulation
Cell death
SKRINING :
Anamnesa riwayat perjalanan penyakit
Test psikometrik/neuropsikologis
DIAGNOSTIK :
Konfirmasi (neurolog, psikiater,
geriatrist)
Pemeriksaan penunjang (lab, radiologi, dll)
Rencana penatalakasanaan
Who is going to be screened ??
REGISTRASI
3 Sebutkan 3 buah nama benda (Apel, Meja, Koin), tiap benda 1 detik, pasien disuruh 3
mengulang ketiga nama benda tadi. Nilai 1 untuk tiap nama benda yang benar. Ulangi
sampai pasien dapat menyebutkan dengan benar dan catat jumlah pengulangan
BAHASA
6 Pasien disuruh menyebutkan nama benda yang ditunjukkan (pensil, buku) 2
7 Pasien disuruh mengulang kata-kata “namun”, “tanpa”, “bila” 1
8 Pasien disuruh melakukan perintah “Ambil kertas ini dengan tangan anda, lipatlah 3
menjadi dua dan letakkan di lantai
9 Pasien disuruh membaca dan melakukan perintah “Pejamkanlah mata anda” 1
10 Pasien disuruh menulis dengan spontan 1
11 Pasien disuruh menggambar bentuk di bawah ini 1
Total 30
To assess :
Executive functions(frontal lobe)
Visuospatial (parietal lobe)
Method :
Ask the patient to draw a clock
Place the numbers in correct place
Ask the patients to draw clock hands that
shows ten minutes pass eleven
CLOCK DRAWING TEST (cont.d)
Medical history
Physical examination
Standard laboratory tests
Neuropsychological testing
Brain-imaging scan
NINCDS-ADRDA Alzheimer's Criteria
Definite Alzheimer's disease:
probable Alzheimer's disease + histopathologic evidence of AD via
autopsy or biopsy.
Probable Alzheimer's disease:
established by clinical and neuropsychological examination. Cognitive
impairments also have to be progressive and be present in two or more
areas of cognition.
Possible Alzheimer's disease:
dementia syndrome with an atypical onset, presentation or progression;
and without a known etiology; but no co-morbid diseases capable of
producing dementia are believed to be in the origin of it.
Unlikely Alzheimer's disease:
dementia syndrome with a sudden onset, focal neurologic signs, or
seizures or gait disturbance early in the course of the illness.
MANAGEMENT OF AD
Managing the family
Managing the environment
Managing the patient
NON PHARMACOLOGICAL
TREATMENT
Train and support the family or caregiver
Environment intervention : physical,
temporal, sleep hygiene, deficits
controlling, balance and healthy diet
Behavior management : specific adaptation
and modification for every single case.
PHARMACOLOGICAL
TREATMENT OF AD
DRUGS MECHANISM OF ACTION
choline, lecithine precursor loading
besipirdine, linopirdine neurotransmitter release
THANK YOU