RENCANA PEMBELAJARAN SEMESTER (RPS)

Identitas MK
• Kode/Mata Kuliah : PST 401 / Kimia Medisinal
(Medicinal Chemistry)
• Sks/JP/Sifat Mata Kuliah : 5 sks / 5 jp / Wajib
• Prasyarat : Biokimia (BBS 305P)
• Semester : IV
• Pengampu :
1. Dr. Christine Patramurti, Apt
2. Enade Perdana Istyastono, Ph.D., Apt
3. Dr. Maywan Haryonon, Apt.
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 RENCANA PEMBELAJARAN SEMESTER (RPS)

Deskripsi MK
• Sifat fisiko kimia senyawa aktif dan perannya
dalam interaksi senyawa aktif dengan targetnya.

Capaian Akhir Pembelajaran

• Mampu menjelaskan secara kritis dan logis
tentang aspek fisika-kimia interaksi senyawa aktif
dengan targetnya sebagai dasar pemahaman aksi
obat dalam tubuh.
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 RENCANA PEMBELAJARAN SEMESTER (RPS)
Kriteria Bobot
Pertemu Kemampuan Akhir yang Materi Bentuk Referens
(Indikator) Nilai
an Ke- Diharapkan Pembelajaran Pembelajaran i
Penilaian (%)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Mampu secara kritis dan Classification of Discovery Accuracy
logis menjelaskan definisi Drugs | Drugs and learning, small
dan klasifikasi obat, the Medicinal group
membedakan antara Chemist | The why discoussion
obat/senyawa aktif (drug) and the wherefore:
1 dengan sediaano bat Drug targets 5 1
(medicine), menjelaskan
konsep dasar tentang target
obat, dan menjelaskan
konsep dasar ikatan obat
(drug) dengan targetnya.
Mampu secara kritis dan logis Protein as drug Discovery Accuracy
menjelaskan struktur, fungsi targets | Enzymes | learning, small
2-4 dan mekanisme protein sebagai Reseptors | Receptor group 15 1
reseptor, meliputi enzim structure and signal discoussion
(reseptor katalitik).
3/8/2020
transduction 3
 RENCANA PEMBELAJARAN SEMESTER (RPS)
Kriteria Bobot
Pertemu Kemampuan Akhir yang Materi Bentuk Referens
(Indikator) Nilai
an Ke- Diharapkan Pembelajaran Pembelajaran i
Penilaian (%)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Mampu secara kritis dan Nucleic acids as Discovery Accuracy
logis menjelaskan struktur, drug targets learning, small
5-6 10 1
fungsi dan mekanisme asam group
nukleats sebagai target obat. discoussion
Mampu secara kritis dan Pharmacokinetics Discovery Accuracy
logis mengaplikasikan and related topics learning, small
konsep farmakokinetika (including drug group
7 dalam menjelaskan peran stability in discoussion 20 1
farmakokinetik dalam chemistry point of
interaksi obat dengan view).
tagetnya.
MASA UJIAN TENGAH SEMESTER

3/8/2020 4
 RENCANA PEMBELAJARAN SEMESTER (RPS)

Kriteria Bobot
Pertemu Kemampuan Akhir yang Materi Bentuk Referens
(Indikator) Nilai
an Ke- Mampu secara kritis dan
Diharapkan Cholinergics,
Pembelajaran Discovery
Pembelajaran Accuracy i
Penilaian (%)
logis menjelaskan sifat anticholinergics, learning, small
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
fisiko kimia senyawa-se- and group
nyawa kolinergik, antikoli- anticholinesterase discoussion
nergik, antikolinesterase, s | The adrenergic
dan senyawa-senyawa yang nervous system.
mempengaruhi sistem
8-9 syaraf adrenergik serta 20 1
mekanisme atomik dan
molekuler interaksi
senyawa-senyawa tersebut
dengan targetnya.

3/8/2020 5
 RENCANA PEMBELAJARAN SEMESTER (RPS)
Kriteria Bobot
Pertemu Kemampuan Akhir yang Materi Bentuk Referens
(Indikator) Nilai
an Ke- Diharapkan Pembelajaran Pembelajaran i
Penilaian (%)
Mampu secara kritis dan The opium Discovery Accuracy
logis menjelaskan sifat analgesic learning, small
fisiko kimia senyawa- group
senyawa analgesik opioid discoussion
10 5 1
serta mekanisme atomik
dan molekuler interaksi
senyawa-senyawa tersebut
dengan targetnya.
Mampu secara kritis dan Anti ulcer agents. Discovery Accuracy
logis menjelaskan sifat learning, small
fisiko kimia senyawa- group
senyawa antiulkus serta discoussion
11 5 1
mekanisme atomik dan
molekuler interaksi
senyawa-senyawa tersebut
dengan targetnya.
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 RENCANA PEMBELAJARAN SEMESTER (RPS)
Kriteria Bobot
Pertemu Kemampuan Akhir yang Materi Bentuk Referens
(Indikator) Nilai
an Ke- Diharapkan Pembelajaran Pembelajaran i
Penilaian (%)
Mampu secara kritis dan Antibacterial Discovery Accuracy
logis menjelaskan sifat agents learning, small
fisiko kimia senyawa- group
senyawa anti bakteri serta discoussion
12 5 1
mekanisme atomik dan
molekuler interaksi
senyawa-senyawa tersebut
dengan targetnya
Mampu secara kritis dan Antiviral agents Discovery Accuracy
logis menjelaskan sifat learning, small
fisiko kimia senyawa- group
senyawa antiviral serta discoussion
13 5 1
mekanisme atomik dan
molekuler interaksi
senyawa-senyawa tersebut
dengan targetnya.
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 RENCANA PEMBELAJARAN SEMESTER (RPS)
Kriteria Bobot
Pertemu Kemampuan Akhir yang Materi Bentuk Referens
(Indikator) Nilai
an Ke- Diharapkan Pembelajaran Pembelajaran i
Penilaian (%)
Mampu secara kritis dan Anticancer agents Discovery Accuracy
logis menjelaskan sifat learning, small
fisiko kimia senyawa- group
senyawa anti kanker serta discoussion
14 10 1
mekanisme atomik dan
molekuler interaksi
senyawa-senyawa tersebut
dengan targetnya

MASA UJIAN AKHIR SEMESTER

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 RENCANA PEMBELAJARAN SEMESTER (RPS)
No Jenis Evaluasi (UTS, UAS, kuis, tugas, praktikum, dll) Bentuk (tertulis, Bobot
lisan, perbuatan, (%)
dll)

1. Individual Project: Create index cards to study amino acids properties Action 5

2. Group Projects: Create and play board games to study drug-protein Action 15
interactions
3. UTS I - 1st Mid test: Course materials on weeks 1-7 Written 30

4. UTS II - 2nd Mid test: Summary on medicinal chemistry aspects of a Written 10

particular drug in the market (Individual Project/Take Home Exam)

5. UAS - Final Exam: All course materials Written 40

Total 100

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 MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY??
• Chemistry
– Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes that
matter undergoes (Brown et.al)1
• Medicinal
– Drug, medicine
– Drugs are chemical substances that are used to prevent
or cure diseases in humans, animals and plants (G
Thomas)3
1. TL Brown, HE LeMay, BE Bursten, CJ Murphy, PM Woodward. Chemistry - the central science. 12 th ed. Prentice Hall.
Boston-Tokyo.2012
2. 3. Medicinal chemistry : an introduction. Wiley. 2007.

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 Drug vs. Medicine
Menurut Rang and Dale’s Farmacology 7th ed 2011
• A drug can be defined
– as a chemical substance of known structure, other than a nutrient or an
essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organism,
produces a biological effect.
– Drugs may be synthetic chemicals, chemicals obtained from plants or animals,
or products of genetic engineering.
• A medicine is
– a chemical preparation, which usually but not necessarily contains one or
more drugs, administered with the intention of producing a therapeutic effect.
– Medicines usually contain other substances (excipients, stabilisers, solvents,
etc.) besides the active drug, to make them more convenient to use. To count
as a drug, the substance must be administered as such, rather than released
by physiological mechanisms.

FDA Definition of a Drug: “ An active ingredient that is intended to furnish

pharmacological activity or other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation,
treatment, or prevention of a disease, or to affect the structure of any function of
the human body, but does not include intermediates used in the synthesis of such
ingredient. ”
11
3/8/2020
 Drug vs. Medicine
GL Patrick (An introduction to medicinal chemistry. Oxford Univ Press.
2009):
• “Drugs as 'compounds which interact with a biological system to
produce a biological response‘”
• A Drug can also be used to include compounds which at first sight
might not consider to be drugs (Patrick).
Examples:
 Morphine : interacts with the body to bring pain relief
 Snake venom: interacts with the body to cause death!
 Strychnine : interacts with the body to cause death!
 LSD: interacts with the body to produce hallucination
 Coffee : interacts with the body to wake you up
 Sugar : interacts with the tounge to produce a sense of taste

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 Drug vs. Medicine
GL Patrick (An introduction to medicinal chemistry. Oxford Univ
Press. 2009):
• To conclude, drugs can be viewed as actual or potential
poisons; an important principles is that of selective toxicity.
Many drugs are effective because they are toxic to “problem
cells”, but not normal cells. For example:
 Anti bacterial, antifungal and antiprotozoal drugs are
useful in medicine when they show a selective toxicity to
microbial cells, rather than mammalian cells.
 Anticancer agents show a selective toxicity for cancer cells
over normal cells.
 Antiviral agents are toxic to viruses rather than normal
cells.
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 Drug vs. Medicine

Drug Medicine

1. Would have to do what

“Drugs Menace” it is meant to do
or 2. Have no toxic or
“Drug Addiction” unwanted side effects
3. Be easy to take
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 Medicine
• How many drugs fit these criteria?
• The short answer is “none”.
• There is no pharmaceutical compound on the
market today that can completely satisfy all
these conditions.

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Penicillin
• One of the most effective antibacterial agents ever
discovered and has also been one of the safest.
• Yet it too has drawbacks
• It has never able to kill all known bacteria, and the years have
gone by, more and more bacterial strains have become
resistant

Barbiturat
• Barbiturat: Kasus kematian akibat penggunaan barbital untuk
bedah lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kematian akibat luka
perang
 Heroin
• Heroin is one of the best painkillers known
to man (1898).
• Sifat addiktif heroin (1903)
• The drug is called diamorphine and it is the drug of
choice when treating patients dying of cancer. Not only
does diamorphine reduce pain to acceptable levels, it
also produces a euphoric effect which helps to counter
the depression faced by patients close to death.
• Can we really condemn a drug which can do that as
being all 'bad'?
 SAFETY AND EFFICACY
• Dua kata ini adalah dasar untuk evaluasi suatu
obat.
– Sejauh mana obat A lebih aman terhadap pasien
dari B?
– Sejauh mana obat A lebih berkhasiat
dibandingkan obat B
 SAFETY AND EFFICACY
• To conclude, drugs can be viewed as actual or potential poisons; an
important principles is that of selective toxicity.

• Many drugs are effective because they are toxic to “problem cells”,
but not normal cells.

For example:
1. Anti bacterial, antifungal and antiprotozoal drugs are useful in
medicine when they show a selective toxicity to microbial
cells, rather than mammalian cells.
2. Anticancer agents show a selective toxicity for cancer cells
over normal cells.
3. Antiviral agents are toxic to viruses rather than normal cells.
 SAFETY AND EFFICACY
• Morphine: “At low doses it is a painkiller; at high doses, it is a poison
which kills by the suppression of breathing”.
• Therefore, it is important that we treat all medicines as potential poisons
and treat them with respect.
• There is a term used in medicinal chemistry known as the Therapeutic
Index (TI), which indicates how safe a particular drug is.

• TD50 : The dose levels of drug leading to toxic effects in 50% cases studied
• LD50 : The dose levels of drug leading to lethal effects in 50% cases
studied
• ED50 : The dose levels of drug leading to maximum therapeutic effects in
50% cases studied
 MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
(Dedifinition)
• Medicinal chemistry concerns the discovery, development,
IUPAC identification, and the interpretation of the mode of action of
biologically active compounds at the molecular level.

• Medicinal chemistry involves the isolation, characterization,

Burger and synthesis of compounds that can be used in medicine for
the prevention, treatment, and cure of disease.

• Medicinal chemistry is the design and synthesis of novel drugs,

based on an understanding of how they work at the molecular

G. Patrick level. A useful drug must interact with a molecular target in the
body (Pharmacodynamics) and also be capable of reaching that
target (Pharmacokinetics).

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 Ruang Lingkup Kimia Medisinal
1. Isolasi dan identifikasi senyawa aktif dalam tanaman yg
secara empirik telah digunakan untuk pengobatan
2. Sintesis struktur analog dr bentuk dasar senyawa yang
mempunyai aktivitas pengobatan potensial
3. Mencari struktur induk baru dengan cara sintesis senyawa
organik (secara semi sintesis)
4. Menghubungkan struktur kimia obat dengan cara kerjanya
5. Mengembangkan rancangan obat
6. Mengembangkan HSA melalui sifat fisika kimia scr statistik

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• Tujuan Utama Kimia Medisinal adalah
– merancang dan mendapatkan obat baru yang lebih efektif,
aman, minimal efek samping, minimal toksisitas kronik
atau sesuai dengan keinginan designer/tuntutan
pengobatan masa kini dan masa depan.

• Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut perlu terlibat tim

kerja dari berbagai disiplin ilmu
– chemistry
– pharmacology
– biologi molekuler
– biologi struktural
– matematika
– komputer

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 Hubungan dengan ilmu lain :
A Medicinal Chemist is skilled in the field of organic synthesis, molecular modeling
and drug design. And should have a basic knowledge of relevant subjects such as
biochemistry and Pharmacology.

Source :http://goo.gl/wXtl66
Tugas Belajar

• Ikatan kimia
• Contoh-contoh ikatan kimia senyawa
• Bisa ditanyakan pada UTS
• Bobot: 5 % dari nilai akhir