Iron and Steelmaking

Pipe Steel API 5L X-80

Kelompok 9
Markus Tanzil (125070005)
Vera Yulia Rachmawaty(12507014)
Reza Pebrian (12507025)
Muammar(12506022)

Metallurgical Engineering
Fakultas Teknik Pertambangan dan Perminyakan
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Pipesteel
Preface
 Steel for pipelines
 Pipelines are very efficient for the mass
transportation of oil and gas and can extend over vast
distances.
 Requirements on the performances: high-strength
and toughness, heavy-wall pipe to prevent buckling
during pipeline installation in deep water, resistance to
corrosion (which has been met with specific alloy
additions and special control over non-metallic
inclusions), improved levels of toughness at low
operating temperatures (just like in In arctic regions)
What is API 5L X80

Most linepipe specifications in the world are based on

those issued by the American Petroleum Institute
(API) which cover high test linepipe (5LX series).
API American Petroleum Institute for kind of pipes
5L Low Carbon
X Series based on mechanical properties
 Example: Series HIGH TENSILE CARBON STEEL PIPE
API 5L X-42, API 5L X-46, API 5L X-52, API 5L X 56,
API X-60, API 5L X-65, API 5L X-70, API 5L X80
X80 (80 ksi = 551 N/mm2).
API 5L X80 that produced by ArcelorMittal
Steel (Annual production capacity 30,000 tonnes)
Price: US$600~1000 / Metric Ton
Specifications:
 Strength grades up
Diameters from 16"-42" (406.4mm-1067mm)
Thicknesses up to 50mm
Applications are oil & gas pipelines, conductor
and carrier pipe for the energy industries,
tubular piling for jetties and berthing
dolphins.
Chemical Composition

Elements PIPE STEEL API 5L-X80

Fe 97.434% 389736
C 0.070% 280
Si 0.250% 1000
Mn 1.600% 6400
P 0.012% 48
S 0.004% 16
Cu 0.200% 800
Al 0.030% 120
Cr 0.200% 800
Ni 0.200% 800
Line Pipe Physical Properties
INTEGRATED PIPE PRODUCTION
 BF

BOF

Flowsheet LF
process
RH/VD

CCM
Blast Furnace: Overview

Process
Animation
Products from the Blast Furnace

The materials discharged from the BF are hot metal at

1,803 K (1,530 °C), about 300 kg molten slag per tonne hot
metal, and dust-bearing exhaust gas discharged from the
furnace top.
Hot metal is poured into a Molten slag is crushed
torpedo car (pictured), where after cooling and is
it is subjected to hot metal
pre-treatment, and then recycled as a material
transferred to the for roadbed and
steelmaking plant. cement.

Top gas, after dust

removal, is used as a fuel
for hot stove (cowper) to
preheat hit blast or for
the reheating furnaces.
Mass Balance Blast Furnace
 Input
Mass Balance Blast Furnace
 Output
SLAG
COMPOSITIION
Mass and Energy Balance

The ratio of daily consumption of a large blast

furnace (10,000 tonnes/day hot metal)
16,000 – 20,000 tonnes iron ore
4,000 – 6,000 tonnes coke (and pulverized coal)
2,000 – 4,000 tonnes flux
11,000 kNm3 compressed air
Generating:
4,000 – 5,000 tonnes slag + flue dust
15,000 kNm3 top gas
Charging
Tapping (Casting)
 BF

BOF

Flowsheet LF
process
RH/VD

CCM
Basic Oxygen Furnace

The oxygen steelmaking process converts the molten

iron from the blast furnace - with up to 30% steel scrap
- into refined steel.
High purity oxygen is blown through the molten bath
to lower carbon, silicon, manganese, and phosphorous
content of the iron, while various fluxes are used to
reduce the sulfur levels.
The impurities and a small amount of oxidized iron
are carried off in the molten slag that floats on the
surface of the hot metal.
Process
Chemical Reactions occur in this process:
0.5{O2}=[O]
[Si]+2[O]= (SiO2) Demanga Desilicon
[Mn]+[O]=(MnO) nization ization
2[P]+5[O]=(P2O5)
[C]+[O]=(CO) Dephosp Decarbur
orization ization
Material Balance
 BF

BOF

Flowsheet
LF
process
RH/VD

CCM
Ladle furnace
The main purpose of ladle furnace
treatment is to ensure that the
molten steel has the required
temperature when the ladle is
taken over at downstream
secondary metallurgy units or at a
continuous caste
Reheating De-S
Homogeni Transfers
ze heat
Desulphurization
Alloying
Mass Balance
Homogenization
 homogenize bath
composition;
 homogenize bath
temperature;
 facilitate slag-metal
interactions
essential for processes
such as
desulfurization;
 accelerate the
removal of
inclusions in the
steel
 BF

BOF

Flowsheet LF
process
RH/VD

CCM
Process in RH/VD

De-C De-H2

De-N2
Alloying
Mechanism of RH

•The recirculation (RH) degasser is used

for the removal of carbon and other
impurity elements.

•The pressure in the vessel is reduced to

about 1-3 torr (1 torr = 1 mmHg).

•Argon is injected through tuyeres in one

of the snorkels, forcing the steel up into
the unit and out again through the other
snorkel.

•In some units, oxygen is injected

through a lance in order to assist
decarburization.
Basic Knowledge

 Vacuum degassing for the production of ultralow-

carbon (ULC) steels with carbon contents of 70 ppm or
less.
 Carbon and nitrogen contents of 70 ppm or less, has
appeared on the scene. Low C & N2 contents
 There are two principal types of degassers:
 recirculating systems such as RH, RH-OB, RH-KTB and
DH;
 non-recirculating systems such as ladle or tank
degassers, including VAD (vacuum arc Degassing) and
VOD (vacuum oxygen Decarburization), and stream
degassers.
Carbon and Oxygen content

[C] + [O] → CO 

(FeO) + [C] Fe + CO (g)

degasser.69 Although
the pressure in the
vacuum vessel was
approximately 0.001
atm,
the final carbon and
oxygen contents
correspond to CO
pressures varying from
0.06 to 0.08 atm
Hydrogen
Removal

Hydrogen in the solid

final product, particularly
thicker sectionscan
diffuse to imperfections

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3 and 7 ppm
and argon
flowrates of
0.9 and 1.8
Nm3/min
Nitrogen Removal

•The solubility of nitrogen in

liquid steel is increased
significantly at the low sulfur
levels achieved by effective
desulfurization.
•Nitrogen removal is increased
by higher argon flow rates and
lower sulfur content of the
steel. Thus nitrogen removal
from liquid steel during
vacuum degassing is possible.
Tank DegasserSulfurization

The tank degasser is used

to remove gaseous elements
and sulfur from the steel.
The removal of sulfur is
achieved through slag-
metal reactions, which are
promoted by strong argon
'flushing' (bubbling) within
the vacuum envelope.

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Al Wire Feeding

Wirefeeding is also useful for additions

that:
•are less dense than molten steel and
might otherwise float to the surface;
•have limited solubility;
•have a high vapor pressure;
•have a high affinity for oxygen;
•are very expensive and/or added in very
small quantities;
•are toxic;
Aluminum is often added by
wirefeeding to improve recovery
rate, control of Al content and
improve steel cleanness.
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Al Wire Feeding
We use Al pure

Al - - 100% 105.52 0.030% 105

MASS BALANCE
 BF

BOF

Flowsheet LF
process
RH/VD

CCM
CCM : Overview
 Continuous casting, also called strand casting, is the
process whereby molten metal is solidified into a
"semifinished" billet, bloom, or slab for subsequent
rolling in the finishing mills.
 "continuous casting"  achieve improved yield, quality,
productivity and cost efficiency.
 It allows lower-cost production of metal sections with
better quality, due to the inherently lower costs of
continuous, standardized production of a product, as well
as providing increased control over the process through
automation.
CCM : Overview
 Explanation of animation
 Molten metal (known as hot metal in
industry) is tapped into the ladle from
furnaces. After undergoing any ladle
treatments, such as alloying and
degassing, and arriving at the correct
temperature, the ladle is transported to
the top of the casting machine.
 From the ladle, the hot metal is
transferred via a refractory shroud
(pipe) to a holding bath called a 
tundish.
 The tundish allows a reservoir of metal
to feed the casting machine while
ladles are switched, thus acting as a
buffer of hot metal, as well as
smoothing out flow, regulating metal
feed to the molds and cleaning the
metal
Range of continuously cast sections

 Casting machines are designated to be billet, bloom or slab casters.

Slab casters tend to cast sections with an aspect ratio that is much
wider than it is thick:
 CONVENTIONALSlabs lie in the range 100–1600 mm wide by 180–
250 mm thick and up to 12 m long with conventional casting speeds of
up to 1.4 m/minute
 Wider slabs are available up to 3250×150 mm, for example at Nanjing
Iron & Steel in China. Thin slabs: 1680×50 mm
For casting in pipe steel API 5L X80, CCM used has specification 0.23 m thick and
1.2 m wide. So, time for casting 350 tonnes steel is 22 minutes. With 4
m2/minute
The time to cast 350 tonnes steel can be calculated by equation below:

τ : Time for casting

m: Mass of steel
ρ : Density of steel
w : Wide of product
t : Thickness of product
v : Casting rate
n: number of straind
Reference

Steel Processing Technology; R.I.L. Guthrie and J.J.

Jonas, McGill Metals Processing Center, McGill
University
Steels: Metallurgy and Applications. Third Edition.
D.T. LleweUyn and R.C. Hudd
The AISE Steel Foundation . Pittsburgh, PA.
www.steeluniversity.org
THANK YOU