Standard
Dose
PATIENT GROUP
Subyek
Obat input
ADME
sampling
Dosis
Sediaan Usia, BB
Route Gender
Drug assay
Saat pemberian Kehamilan
Chiralitas Genetik, Ras
Bioavailability Obesitas
Vd, AUC, CL, T½
Nonlinearitas Penyakit
ADME
Variabel internal dan eksternal
mempengaruhi disposisi dan efek obat
Obat
Obat, OT,
OBA Subyek
Mak-Min Reseptor
Polutan
ADME Efek ?
Asap rokok Terapeutik
Sub-Terapeutik
Usia Toksik
Gender
Kehamilan
Genetik, Ras
Obesitas
Penyakit
ADME TDM
Farmakokinetika
Ilmu yang membicarakan tentang perubahan
kadar obat dan/atau metabolitnya di dalam tubuh
sebagai fungsi waktu, sedangkan perubahan
kadar tersebut dipengaruhi oleh tubuh.
Parameter Farmakokinetika
Parameter Primer
• Parameter farmakokinetika yang nilainya langsung
dipengaruhi oleh faktor hayati.
• Contohnya:
⁻ Tetapan kecepatan absorpsi (ka)
⁻ Ketersediaan hayati (F)
⁻ Klirens (CL): baik klirens hepatik (CLh) maupun
klirens renal (CLr)
⁻ Volume distribusi (Vd)
Ketergantungan parameter primer terhadap
faktor hayati
Parameter Faktor Hayati (faal dan biokimiawi)
Primer
ka Aliran darah di tempat absorpsi, kecepatan pengosongan
lambung, motilitas usus
F Kecepatan pengosongan lambung, sekresi asam lambung,
enzim hidrolisis, motilitas usus
Vd Ikatan obat oleh protein plasma dan jaringan, partisi ke
dalam lemak, komposisi dan ukuran tubuh
CLh Aliran darah hepatik, ikatan obat darah, aktivitas intrinsik
hepatik (metabolisme)
CLr Aliran darah renal, ikatan obat oleh darah, sekresi aktif
dan reabsorpsi tubuler, aliran urin, kecepatan glomeruli
Parameter Primer, Sekunder, dan
Turunan
Parameter
Sekunder
k
T1/2 eliminasi
Parameter Primer
Fel
Sistem tubuh ka
Faal F
Biokimiawi Vd
CL, CLh, CLr Pameter
Turunan
AUC
Css
31
Absorption
– All substances, including drugs,
absorbed from the intestine enter
the hepatic portal system,
– Certain drugs are subject to
significant hepatic uptake and
metabolism (first-pass
metabolism)
– Characteristics of drug may
change in pregnancy, age …..etc
Distribution
• Once drug is absorbed into
the blood, it begins to
distribute to tissues
• The amount of drug that
partitions into tissues
depends on:
– Solubility
– Protein binding
• The partitioning of drug
between blood and tissues is
expressed quantitatively as
the Volume of Distribution
Excretion
• Hepatic metabolism or renal filtration, or a combination of
the two, eliminates most drugs.
• Functional changes in these organs may result in changes in
the rate of elimination.
• Half-life represents the time needed for the serum
concentration to decrease by one half.
34
Metabolic Clearance
• Most drugs are xenobiotics
– substances not normally found within human
system, yet capable of entering biochemical
pathways intended for endogenous substances.
• The biochemical pathway responsible for a
large portion of drug metabolism is the
hepatic mixed function oxidase "MFO"
system.
35
Metabolic clearance
• The basic function of MFO system involves taking
hydrophobic substances and through a series of enzymatic
reactions converting them into water-soluble substances.
• These products are then either pumped into the bile or
released into the general circulation, where they are
eliminated by renal filtration.
36
Excretion - Renal
• Kidneys are the primary excretory organ.
• In Renal disease
– other excretory organs or pathway become
involved such as: biliary tract, lungs and sweat
glands.
• H2O soluble drugs excrete faster than insoluble.
• Decreases in glomerular filtration rate directly
results in increased serum half-life and
concentration