DASAR ILMU TANAH

Klasifikasi Tanah
KLASIFIKASI TANAH
 Klasifikasi Tanah
 Usaha membeda-bedakan 
mengelompokkan tanah berdasarkan sifat-
sifatnya
 Tujuan
 mengetahui sifat dan ciri tanah pada masing-
masing kelompok tanah (kelas tanah)
sehingga memudahkan pengguna tanah
untuk mengelola tanah tersebut agar dapat
berproduksi secara optimal
 Alami/taksonomi:berdasarkan sifat2
alami tanah tanpa dihub. dgn
pengunaannya

- Taksonomi Tanah (USDA)

Klasifikasi
 

Teknikal: berdasarkan tujuan khusus

dgn memilih ciri2 ttt yg pgrhi
kemampuan dan penggunaannya
Klasifikasi Kemampuan Lahan USDA
-         -

-       - Klasifikasi Kesesuaian Lahan FAO

 Why Classify Soils?
• Organize knowledge to enable investigation
and communication (structure/organization)
• Provide framework for establishing
relationships among soils and their
environment (scientific)
• Establish groupings for interpretations
(utilitarian)
– Optimal use
– Hazard/limitation/remediation assessment
– Potential productivity
– Framework for technology transfer/information
dissemination
Tanah bermacam-macam
Klasifikasi Tanah di Indonesia
 Sejak th 1988 hanya gunakan
sistem Taksonomi Tanah.
 Sebelum 1988 ada 3 :
- Pusat Penelitian Tanah (PPT)
- FAO/UNESCO
- Taksonomi Tanah.
 Taksonomi Tanah (USDA)
 dikembangkan oleh Soil Survey Staff
(USDA), tahun 1975
 Terus direvisi  2ed, 1999
 ada 6 kategori yaitu Order, Suborder,
Great group, Subgroup, Family dan
Series.
 Categories in ST:
 Order – key soil properties resulting from major soil-
forming processes (epipedons, subsurface horizons,
materials, characteristics)
 Suborder – key soil properties that are major controls on
soil-forming processes, e.g., soil climate (most orders);
kinds of salts (Aridisols); kinds of soil parent materials
(Entisols); degree of decomposition (Histosols); presence
or absence of cryoturbation (Gelisols)
 Great Group – key soil properties that are additional
controls on soil genesis (diagnostic horizons)
 Subgroup – central concept (Typic), intergrades,
extragrades
 Family – properties important to plant growth (texture,
mineralogy, soil temperature regime, etc.)
 Series – soil morphology
Kategori Nama Kategori Nama
Phylum Pteridophyta Order Alfisol
Kelas Angiospermae Sub-order Udalf
Sub-kelas Dicotyledoneae Greatgroup Hapludalf
Order Rosales Sub-group Aquic Hapludalf
Family Leguminoseae Family Aquic Hapludalf, berlempung
halus, Campuran, Aktif,
Isohipertermik
Genus Trifolium Seri Lape
Species T. repens (Phase) Berbatu
Differentiating Characteristics in ST:
 Diagnostic epipedons
 Diagnostic subsurface horizons
 Other diagnostic soil characteristics
 Soil moisture and temperature
regimes
 1. Epipedon
 horison penciri yg terbentuk di
permukaan tanah.
 tidak sinonim dg horizon A
 dapat mencakup sebagian
horizon B.
 EPIPEDON
 Surface horizons
 Influenced strongly by
biochemical and
geochemical processes
 Correspond with A, E, and
sometimes upper B horizons
 Important in classifying soils
 EPIPEDON
 Histik: Bahan organik (BO) tinggi (>75%), tebal 20‑40cm.
 Mollik: BO >1%, warna gelap dg value dan kroma <3
(lembab) dan value < 5 (kering), tebal >18cm, KB >50%.
 Melanik: mirip Mollik, tetapi miliki sifat tanah andik
 Umbrik: seperti molik tetapi KB <50%.
 Anthropik: seperti molik, tetapi mengandung >1500 ppm P2O5
larut dalam 1% as sitrat.
 Ochrik: warna terang (value dan kroma lembab >3), BO
<1% atau keras‑sangat keras dan masif.
 Plaggen: horizon buatan, akibat penggunaan pupuk kandang yg
terus menerus, tebal >50cm, berwarna hitam.
 Folistik: tanah atas BO, jenuh < 30 hari
 Horison Penciri Bawah
 Agrik: horizon iluviasi yg terbentuk krn pengaruh
pengolahan tanah shg terjadi akumulasi sejumlah debu, liat,
dan humus.
 Albik: horison berwarna pucat (E) dg value lembab >5.
 Argillik: horison penimbunan liat; minimal mengandung liat
>1.2 kali lebih banyak daripada kandungan liat di
atasnya.Terdapat selaput liat.
 Kalsik: horizon yg mengandung karbonat sekunder
(CaCO3 atau MgCO3) tinggi, tebal >15cm.
 Petrokalsik: horizon kalsik yang mengeras.
 Kambik: indikasi lemah adanya argillik atau spodik, tapi tidak
memenuhi syarat kedua horizon tersebut.
 Horison Penciri Bawah (lanjutan)

 Gipsik : banyak mengandung gipsum (CaSO4) sekunder.

 Petrogipsik: horizon gipsik yg mengeras.
 Natrik : horizon argillik yg banyak mengandung Na
 Oksik : horizon bertekstur agak kasar, KTK <16 me/100g liat,
tebal >30cm.
 Salik: banyak mengandung garam sekunder mudah larut,
tebal >15cm.
 Sombrik : seperti umbrik, gelap, terjadi iluviasi humus tanpa Al,
tidak terletak di bawah horizon albik.
 Spodik : horizon iluviasi seskuioksida bebas dan BO.
 Sulfurik : horizon yg mengandung sulfat, pH ,3.5, tdpt karatan
jarosit.
 Plasik: padas tipis tersementasi senyawa. Fe, Mn dan BO
 TAKSONOMI TUMBUHAN vs TAKSONOMI TANAH

Kategori Nama Kategori Nama

Phylum Pteridophyta Order Alfisol
Kelas Angiospermae Sub-order Udalf
Sub-kelas Dicotyledoneae Greatgroup Hapludalf
Order Rosales Sub-group Aquic Hapludalf
Family Leguminoseae Family Aquic Hapludalf, berlempung
halus, Campuran, Aktif,
Isohipertermik
Genus Trifolium Seri Lape
Species T. repens (Phase) Berbatu
 “Soil Taxonomy"
Degree of Weathering and B Horizon Development
Little Slight Moderate Large Extreme
Entisols Aridisols
Inceptisols Alfisols
Spodosols Ultisols
Mollisols Oxisols
Soils Defined by Special Constituent Materials
Andisols Volcanic Ash
Histosols Peat, Organic Matter
Vertisols “Self-Mixing” Clay Soils
Gelisols Soils on Permafrost
 ALFISOL

 The central concept of Alfisols

is that of soils that have an
argillic, a kandic, or a natric
horizon and a base saturation
of 35% or greater.
 They typically have an ochric
epipedon, but may have an
umbric epipedon. They may
also have a petrocalcic horizon,
a fragipan or a duripan.
 ANDISOLS
 The central concept of
Andisols is that of soils
dominated by short-range-
order minerals.
 They include weakly
weathered soils with much
volcanic glass as well as more
strongly weathered soils.
 Hence the content of volcanic
glass is one of the
characteristics used in defining
andic soil properties
 ARIDISOL
Aridisols is that of soils that are
too dry for mesophytic plants to
grow. They have either:
(1) an aridic moisture regime
and an ochric or anthropic
epipedon and one or more of
the following with an upper
boundry within 100 cm of the
soil surface: a calcic, cambic,
gypsic, natric, petrocalcic
petrogypsic, or a salic horizon
or a duripan or an argillic
horizon, or
(2)A salic horizon and
saturation with water within 100
cm of the soil surface for one
month or more in normal years.
 ENTISOLS
 The central concept of
Entisols is that of soils that
have little or no evidence of
development of pedogenic
horizons.
 Many Entisols have an ochric
epipedon and a few have an
anthropic epipedon. Many
are sandy or very shallow.
 GELISOLS

 The central concept of Gelisols is that

of soils that have permafrost within
100 cm of the soil surface and/or
have gelic materials within 100 cm of
the soil surface and have permafrost
within 200 cm.
 Gelic materials are mineral or organic
soil materials that have evidence of
cryoturbation (frost churning) and/or
ice segeration in the active layer
(seasonal thaw layer) and/or the
upper part of the permafrost.
 HISTOSOLS
 The central concept of Histosols is
that of soils that are dominantly
organic. They are mostly soils that
are commonly called bogs, moors,
or peats and mucks.
 A soil is classified as Histosols if it
does not have permafrost and is
dominated by organic soil materials.
 INCEPTISOLS
 The central concept of
Inceptisols is that of soils of
humid and subhumid regions
that have altered horizons that
have lost bases or iron and
aluminum but retain some
weatherable minerals. They do
not have an illuvial horizon
enriched with either silicate clay
or with an amorphous mixture
of aluminum and organic
carbon.
 The Inceptisols may have many
kinds of diagnostic horizons, but
argillic, natric kandic, spodic
and oxic horizons are excluded.
 MOLLISOLS
 The central concept of Mollisols is
that of soils that have a dark
colored surface horizon and are
base rich. Nearly all have a mollic
epipedon.
 Many also have an argillic or
natric horizon or a calcic horizon.
A few have an albic horizon.
Some also have a duripan or a
petrocalic horizon.
 OXISOLS
 The central concept of Oxisols is
that of soils of the tropical and
subtropical regions. They have
gentle slopes on surfaces of great
age. They are mixtures of quartz,
kaolin, free oxides, and organic
matter.
 For the most part they are nearly
featureless soils without clearly
marked horizons. Differences in
properties with depth are so gradual
that horizon boundaries are
generally arbitrary.
 SPODOSOLS
 The central concept of Spodosols is
that of soils in which amorphous
mixtures of organic matter and
aluminum, with or without iron, have
accumulated. In undisrurbed soils
there is normally an overlying eluvial
horizon, generally gray to light gray
in color, that has the color of more or
less uncoated quartz.
 Most Spodosols have little silicate
clay. The particle-size class is mostly
sandy, sandy-skeletal, coarse-
loamy, loamy, loamy- skeletal, or
coarse-silty.
 ULTISOLS
 The central concept of Ultisols is
that of soils that have a horizon
that contains an appreciable
amount of translocated silicate
clay (an argillic or kandic
horizon) and few bases (base
saturation less than 35 percent).
 Base saturation in most Ultisols
decreases with depth.
 VERTISOLS
 The central concept of
Vertisols is that of soils that
have a high content of
expending clay and that have
at some time of the year deep
wide cracks.
 They shrink when drying and
swell when they become
wetter.