kultural
Dr. Titiek Hidayati M. Kes.
• Kasus 1.
• 26 year old mother of 2 presents for routine
follow up visit. During the visit the patient
reveals that she has been smoking ~1 pack per
day since the birth of her second child two years
ago. The patient has tried several times to quit
with little success, and she does not feel like
trying to quit again will be any more successful.
The doctor would like to address smoking
cessation with the patient, but is unsure of the
best approach.
• Kasus 2.
• A 45-year-old insurance broker who is under a lot
of work stress recently because his company
management has set some new business targets
that he has difficulty in meeting. He is not
sleeping well at night an feels rather tired in the
day. He starts to think that he cannot cope with
his work because his health is ailing. He looks for
signals of illnesses from his body and he noticed
that he has some belching. So he goes to see a
doctor……..
• Seandainya Anda sebagai pasien pertama
bagaimana perasaan Anda? Bagaimana anggapan
Anda terhadap dokter yang merawat Anda?
Akankah Anda berhenti merokok?.............
• Seandainya Anda sebagai dokter yang menerima
kunjungan pasien ke-2 bagaimana Anda
mengelola pasien tersebut? Apakah Anda akan
memberikan obat sesuai dengan keluhan
sakitnya atau Saudara akan memberikan obat
antidepresan dan obat tidur?................
What do you understand from this
phrase:
“Don’t treat the disease; treat
the patient.”
/ 23 5
Is medicine really improving?
• Number of
laboratory tests The good physician
(dokter yg baik)
increased 33% from
cures sometimes
1967 to 1972 (kadang2 menyembuhkan)
/ 23 6
Manusia sebagai makhluk
biopsikososial
• Manusia sebagai makhluk biopsikososial yang unik. Sebagai
makhluk biologis manusia tersusun atas bertrilyun sel, yang
kemudian sel-sel tersebut menyusun jaringan dan seterusnya
sampai akhirnya terbentuk system organ yang menyatu dalam
organism suatu individu.
• Pada diri manusia terdapat 10/11 system organ yang saling
mendukung satu dengan lainnya menyusun suatu organism tubuh
manusia yang tumbuh dan berkembang dengan segala ciri-ciri
sebagai makhluk biologis, sebagaimana yang terjadi pada makhluk
biologis yang lain.
• Kelainan ditingkat subseluler, misalnya mutasi suatu gen tertentu,
akan bermanifestasi atau terekspresi pada organisme baik secara
fungsional maupun morfologis. Manifestasi kelainan genetic secara
fungsional dapat berupa abnomali fungsi, misalnya pada penurunan
kemampuan berfikir pada sindroma Down.
Systems hierarchy
Gambaran pengertian sehat
berdasarkan definisi sehat oleh WHO
tahun 1948
PUBLIC HEALTH AND MEDICINE:
Stages of Natural History of Disease & Levels of Prevention (Leavell & Clark)
Sequels
Biologic
Factors Social Factors
•Immune •Community
System •Family
•Endocrine ORG ANI SM •Culture
System •...
•Organ
Systems
•Tissues Psychological
•… Factors
•Anxiety
•Depression
•...
/ 23 15
Inadequate
organized Drop in income
environment (social)
(social)
Drop in
Occupational Organ trauma
blood
injury (biologic)
glucose
(biologic)
Stress
Inattentive (psychological
(psychological )
)
/ 23 16
Holistic Approach
● Memberikan perhatian pd masalah fisik,
psikologis, sosial, ekonomi, budaya & bahkan
spiritual dari pasien (Pendekatan bio-psiko-
sosio-ekonomi-budaya-spiritual)
(Whole-person medicine= body-mind-soul
medicine) (Goh, 2007; Goh et al, 2004)
● Berdasar pada “bio-psycho-social model of
health & illness” (Engel, 1980): “Setiap penyakit
mempunyai campuran yang bervariasi dari
konsekuensi fisik, psikologis dan sosial”
Holistic Diagnosis &
Comprehensive Management
• Genogram
Family Map
History of Patient:
personal social history Patient Family
(education, work, Family Life Cycle
family, marriage, lifestyle) Dynamic Family
Life Line
Holistic Family
Disease & Family
History assessment
illness APGAR
Taking tools Family
Risk Factors: SCREEM
Risk Assessment Physical Physical
Exam Work
Bio- Environment
psycho- Home
social
Impact Investigations
of Medical
Illness Psychosocial
Diagnosis Holistic Diagnosis
Medical Diagnosis
Intervention Psychosocial intervention:
Based on EBM patient education/ counseling,
Comprehensive
family involvement
Preventive Measures Management
Rehabilitative Measures
Matur Nuwun