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RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
GOUT
Emirza Nur Wicaksono
OSTEOARTRITIS (OA)
Gangguan yang ditandai dengan kerusakan sendi yang
progresid dimana semua struktur sendi telah mengalami
perubahan patologis.
Faktor risiko OA :
Genetik : jenis kelamin, penyakit keturunan sendi dan tulang,
Ras/etnik
Non-genetik : usia, obesitas, trauma sendi, olahraga, pola hidup
(kebiasaan, pekerjaan).
KLASIFIKASI
Idiopatik :
Lokalisata
Generalisata >3 sendi
Sekunder :
Post trauma
Lokalisata : dysplasia sendi panggul
Generalisata : chondrodysplasia, hemokromatosis
Penyakit deposisi kalsium
Penyakit lain : akromegali, charot’s disease dll
GEJALA KLINIS TA N D A K L I N I S
Nyeri sendi diperberat Pembesaran tulang
bila aktifitas fisik dan
menyangga tubuh, ROM menurun
berkurang bila
istirahat.
Krepitasi
Kaku pagi hari kurang Nyeri tekan
dari 30 menit
Nyeri gerak
Gel phenomen : setelah
istirahat Efusi sendi
Sendi tidak stabil Deformitas sendi
Fungsi sendi berkurang
Tabel 2.1. Gambaran Radiologis Pada OA Menurut
Kellgren & Lawrence
Grade of
Description
Osteoarthritis
17
Weisman (2011) pp
The 2010 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against
Rheumatism Classification Criteria for RA Score
A. Joint involvement score
1 large joint 0
2-10 large joints 1
1-3 small joints 2
4-10 small joints 3
>10 joints (at least 1 small joint) 5
B. Serology (at least 1 test result is
needed for classification)
Negative RF and negative ACPA 0
Low-positive RF or low-positive 2
ACPA 3
High-positive RF or high-positive
ACPA
C. Acute phase reactants (at least 1
test result is needed for
classification) 0
Normal CRP and abnormal ESR 1
Abnormal CRP and abnormal ESR
D. Duration of symptoms
< 6 weeks 0 18
≥ 6 weeks 1 Weisman (2011) pp
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
28
Batty (2008) (p. 36
GOUT
Kelompok penyakit heterogen akibat deposisi kristal
monosodium urat pada jaringan/akibat supersaturasi asam
urat di airan ekstraseluler menyebabkan inflamasi yang
menyerang persendian.
CLASSIFICATION
To classify a case as gout it is Author’s comment on the
necessary: selected criteria
To find uric acid crystals in synovial Standard practice for gout
fluid or tissue (tophi) diagnosis
Or the presence of two or more of
the following:
History or observation of at least These symptoms have been
two attacks of painful limb swelling recognized in majority of patients
with remission within 1-2 weeks as characteristic of a gout flare
experience
History or observation of podagra Highly sensitive and specific
location for gout flares
Presence of tophus Highly specific finding but it is a
late occurrence in majority of the
patients.
History or observation of a good Major response to colchicine is not
response to colchicine (major present in majority of gout patients
reduction in objective signs of according to most recent
inflammation within 24 hours of randomized trial. 30
New York Criteria for the Classification of Gout (1968)
onset of the therapy)
CAUSES
Exact cause of primary gout is unknown.
May be caused by genetic defect in purine breakdown causing
overproduction of uric acid, retention of uric acid or both.
Some patients are intrinsic ‘over-producers’ of uric acid
through no identifiable cause or if there is a family history
of early-onset gout.
34
Unknown (2011) pp.
CLINICAL FEATURES
Acute Gout
Clinical features Assessment
Joint pain Visual Analog Scale for Pain
• Usually described as the
‘worst pain ever’
Extremely rapid onset Ask the patient
• maximum severity in just 2–6
hours, always waking the
patient in the early morning
Extreme tenderness
• unable to wear a sock or to let
bedding rest on the joint
Swelling Observation
• overlying red, shiny skin
35
Davidson (2010) pp.
Clinical features Assessment
May be accompanied by
fever, malaise and
confusion if a large joint
such as the knee is
involved.
Pruritus and peeling of the Observation
skin as the attack reduces
37
Davidson (2010) pp.
Clinical features Assessment
38
Davidson (2010) pp.
TAHAPAN PERJALANAN KLINIS
Hiperurisemia asimtomatik
Artritis gout akut
Serangan gout akut
Tahap grout kronik
GAMBARAN RADIOLOGI
Inflamasi asimetris
Artritis erosive disertai nodul jaringan lunak
Gambaran Radiologi Gout
Pembengkakan dan erosi pada sendi PIP-5 pada Gout
Sumber : Berquist, Thomash H. Musculoskeletal Imaging Companion 2nd ed. New York: Lippicott Williams & Wilkins; 2007.p.803-6
COMPLICATIONS
Lasting erosions, deformity and disability because of chronic
inflammation and tophi that cause secondary joint
degeneration.
Hypertension and albuminuria (in some patient).
Involvement of the kidney with tubular damage from deposition of
urate crystal causing poorer excretion of uric acid and chronic
renal dysfunction.
43
Unknown (2011) pp.
IH
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