Listrik
Minggu-13
Interferensi dan
Difraksi Gelombang
Cahaya
Interferensi
Pada Optik Geometri yang aplikasinya
dapat dilihat dalam lensa, cermin dan
peralatan optik, cahaya
direpresentasikan sebagai sebuah
sinar yang bergerak lurus.
y02 y01
2
y02
2
2 y01 y02 cos
Amplitudo2 intensitas
• menguatkan • melemahkan
2
x1 x2 1 2
c. Kecepatan di kaca
Soal 02
Seperti diperlihatkan gambar (1),
sorotan cahaya dalam material 1
datang pada suatu batas dengan
sudut 30. Perbandingan sudut
refraksi 2 dengan indeks bias n2, pada
material 2, diperlihatkan gambar (2).
Berapa kecepatan cahaya pada
material 1 ?
Jawaban 02
Berdasarkan hukum pembiasan: 1 =
2 jika indek bias n1 = n2. Seperti
diperlihatkan gambar 2 = 30 jika n2
= 1,5. Maka n1 = 1,5 dan kecepatan
cahaya pada medium adalah
Soal 03
Dua pulsa cahaya
diarahkan
menembus lapisan
plastik, dengan
ketebalan
Jika indeksLbias
dantiap
2L.
lapisan: n1 = 1,55;
n2= 1,70; n3 = 1,60; Pulsa mana yang
menembus
n4 = 1,45; n5 =
plastik dalam
1,59;
waktu terpendek
n6 = 1,65 dan n7 = ???
1,50
Jawaban 03
Waktu perjalanan Pulsa 1 adalah
Dimana:
Interferensi dari
Film Tipis (thin film)
Ketika cahaya datang pada film tipis
transparan, akan terjadi peristiwa
interferensi gelombang cahaya.
Intensitas maksimum dan minimum
dari cahaya yang terpnatulkan dari
film tipis di udara memenuhi
Maksimum – film terang di udara
persamaan:
m = 0,1,2, …
Minimum – film gelap di udara
m = 0,1,2, …
Soal 04
Sebuah gelembung sabun tampak
hijau (dengan = 540 nm) di titik
pada permukaan depan yang paling
dekat dengan pengamat. Jika indeks
biasnya n = 1,35, Berapakah
ketebalan minimumnya
Jawaban 04
t = /4n = (540 nm)/(4)(1,35) = 100
nm
Interferometer
Michelson
• The interferometer, invented by the American physicist
A. A. Michelson (1852–1931), splits a light beam into two
parts and then recombines the parts to form an
interference pattern.
• The device can be used to measure wavelengths or
other lengths with great precision because a large and
precisely measurable displacement of one of the mirrors
is related to an exactly countable number of
wavelengths of light.
Interferometar
Michelson,
menunjukkan lintasan
cahaya di mulai di P
dari sumber S yang
dijauhkan. Cermin M
membagai dua
sorotan, yang
memantul dari
cermin M1 dan M2
kembali ke M dan
kemudian teleskop T.
Didalam teleskop,
seorang pengamat
Difraksi
Introduction to Diffraction Patterns
• We might expect that the light passing through a small opening would simply result in
a broad region of light on a screen, due to the spreading of the light as it passes
through the opening. We find something more interesting, however. A diffraction
pattern consisting of light and dark areas is observed, somewhat similar to the
interference patterns discussed earlier.
Diffraction Patterns from Narrow Slits
• the observing screen is far from the slit, so that the rays reaching the
screen are approximately parallel Fraunhofer diffraction
• Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of a single slit. The pattern consists of a
central bright fringe flanked by much weaker maxima alternating with
dark fringes.
• each portion of the slit acts as a source of light waves
Resolution of Single-Slit
Single-slit
and Circular Apertures
• When the central maximum of one image falls on the first minimum of another image,
the images are said to be just resolved. This limiting condition of resolution is known
as Rayleigh’s criterion.
Resolving power
a
circular Resolving power
1,22
a
Resolution of the Eye
• Let us choose a wavelength of 500 nm, near the center of the visible
spectrum. Although pupil diameter varies from person to person, we estimate
a daytime diameter of 2 mm. We use
The
Diffraction
Grating
The
Diffraction
Grating
1 2
R , 1 2
2 1 2
• Thus, a grating that has a high resolving power can distinguish small differences in
wavelength. If N slits of the grating are illuminated, it can be shown that the resolving
power in the mth-order diffraction is R = Nm
Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals
• (a) A Laue pattern of a single crystal of the mineral beryl (beryllium aluminum
silicate). Each dot represents a point of constructive interference. (b) A Laue
pattern of the enzyme Rubisco, produced with a wide-band x-ray spectrum. This
enzyme is present in plants and takes part in the process of photosynthesis. The
Laue pattern is used to determine the crystal structure of Rubisco.