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| INTRODUCTION
| HISTORY
| BIOMAGNETIC THERAPY
| BIOMAGNETIC FIELDS AND CURRENT DIPOLE
| INSTRUMENTATION AND SQUIDS
| APPLICATIONS OF BIOMAGNETISM
| OTHER APPLICATIONS OF BIOMAGNETISM
| ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES OF BIOMAGNETISM
| FUTURE SCOPE
| CONCLUSION


 

| Biomagnetism is the production of a magnetic field by a

living object

| The body produces magnetic fields in two main ways:

¦ Ferromagnetic particles
¦ Electric currents

Ô Specifically designed magnets and their energy fields are

used to affect the living system
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| [nown as Iodestones, the Chinese
first used the power of this
magnetic stone to help heal
disease over 5000 years ago
| Cleopatra used this as a beauty aid
| Paraclesus, a scientific in the late
1400ǯs used them successfully to
treat the cause of seizures and
many other illnesses that at a time,
had no known cures.
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| The first valid measurement was

actually made in 1963
by Baule and McFee
| The first measurement of
the magnetic field of the
human heart
| The first squid measurement was
done in 1969 in MIT shielded
room using Jim Zimmermanǯs SQUID
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| The healthy tissue produces a distinct negative, micro

voltage
| When trauma, stress or malfunction occurs, the
potential changes even to a positively charged state
| The negative field of a magnet is used most often to
correctly stimulate and recognize the electron (spin)
charge which results in creating the healthy cellular
charge state of a strong negative potential
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| Positively charged ions within the body move in the
orientation of arrow along a short narrow path confined
by the cell membrane
| Any net movement of charge from one area to another is
the electric current
| The field becomes weaker as the distance increases from
the arrow
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| A current dipole consists of a source
at the dendrite and a sink at the soma

Ô The distance between source and sink

determine the impact of current dipole
on the other dipole in the surrounding tissue

| The total effect produces two current patterns of

opposite polarity, one outward
and the other inward, hence the
name Ǯcurrent dipoleǯ
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| Depolarization and Repolarization of cells results in
currents with in the human body
| And these currents give rise to Biomagnetic field
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| The most sensitive instrument for measuring magnetic

fields is based on the Super Conductivity Quantum
Interference Device (SQUIDS)
| A SQUID is a mechanism used to measure extremely
weak signals

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| A SQUID can detect a change of energy as much as 100

billion times weaker than the electromagnetic energy by
using a device called a Josephson junction.
| A Josephson junction is a pair of superconductors
bridged by a thin insulator through which electrons can
tunnel

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| By the josephson junction,certain

materials can conduct
current with practically
zero resistance

Threshold for SQUID:10-14 T

Magnetic field of heart:10-10 T
Magnetic field of brain:10-13 T

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| There are two main types of SQUIDS

¦ Direct current (DC) ȂTwo Josephson Junction used

¦ Radio Frequency (RF)- One Josephson Junction
used
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| It is made up of one Josephson junction

| An oscillating current is applied to an external circuit,
whose voltage changes as an effect of the interaction
between it and the ring
| The magnetic flux is measured
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| It has two Josephson junctions in parallel in a

superconducting loop
| Electrons tunneling through the junctions
demonstrate quantum interference
| It is more sensitive
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| It is a popular and extremely useful device, uses the

interaction between magnetic flux and josephson
junction
| It consists of detection coil,an input coil,squid
sensor,control electronics and data acquisition system
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| MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY (MEG)

| MAGNETOCARDIOGRAPHY (MCG)


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| It is a technique for mapping brain activity by

recording magnetic fields
| MEG signals were first measured by David Cohen in
1968 using a copper induction coil as the detector
| The measurements were made in a magnetically
shielded room to reduce the noise
| Poor and noisy MEG measurements


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| In 1980s,with the invention of SQUIDS,multiple

sensors were began to be used
| Greater and sharper MEG
measurements


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| In brain, synchronized neuronal currents induce weak

magnetic fields
| The net currents can be thought of as electric dipoles
| A current dipole gives rise to a magnetic field that flows
around the axis of its vector component


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| By analyzing the spatial distributions of magnetic field

and using the model of single equivalent current
dipole,the localizations can be estimated
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| Direct measure of
brain function
| High temporal resolution
| Excellent spatial resolution
| Completely non-invasive
| Complementary to other
modalities

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| It is a technique to measure the magnetic

fields produced by electrical activity in the heart
| The first MCG measurements were made by Baule and
McFee
| Heart signals were indeed seen, but were very noisy
| After the SQUIDS,signals have been as clear as EEC

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| Electrophysiological activities of the heart is recorded


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| Biomagnetism can be used to measure the iron

concentration in liver
| A field is applied to the region of the liver and field
response is measured produced by molecules in the
body tissues
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| Biomagnetism can be also used to detect the magnetic

particles in the lungs
| A magnetic field is applied and removed over the
region of the lungs
| Magnetic particles become magnitized and produces a
magnetic field

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| Magnetic measurement of nerve function can be made
directly in the conducting fluid
| Measures the current density directly and allows
determination of current profiles (MCG)
| MCG exceeds the diagnostic value of ECG
| Good spatial and temporal resolution
| Quick measurement
| Non- invasiveness
| Functional diagnostic information(MRI,CT,PET)
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| The need for magnetically shielded room (MSR)
| Biomagnetic fields are almost a billion times weaker than
the earthǯs geomagnetic field
| High performance MSR is required
to shield out the broad spectrum
of everyday RF and magnetic
interference
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| Construction problem of MSR depends on its
ingredients such as aluminum and copper
| Also it has demountable construction


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| Using squids magnetometry for detection of cancer

provides inexpensive,feasible and rapid in Ȃvivo
method
| New superparamagnetic
nanoparticles have been
designed to specifically bind
to cells undergoing controlled
cell suicide, or apoptosis


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| The results of the magnetic theraphy is predictable

| Magnetic therapy is very efficient and have great results

| For animals and human,biomagnetic imaging

techniques provides a harmless method for detection of
disease and disorientations