Section-1

Simple Stress and Strain

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 Fundamental Areas of Engg Mech
 Statics External effects of forces on
 Dynamics
rigid bodies
 Strength of Materials (an extension of Engg
Mechanics):
 Relationship between externally applied loads
and their internal effects on bodies.
 Bodies assumed to be non-rigid

 When loaded, material should neither break nor

deform excessively

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 Analysis of Internal Forces
 Axial Force: Tensile and Compressive forces
 Shear Force
 Torque
 Bending Moment

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 Simple Stress
 Unit strength of material
 σ (Sigma) =Stress = P/A
 σ = Force per unit area
 P= Applied load (normal to the sectional area)
 A = Cross-sectional area
 In SI Units (International System of Units) Stress =
N/m2 = Newton per square meter
 1 N/m2 = 1 Pascal (Pa)
 In US Customary Units , Stress = lb/ in2 = Pounds
per square inch (psi)
 1 kip = 1000 lb
 1 ksi = 1 kip per square inch = 1000 lb / in2

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 Simple Stress
 σ (Sigma) =Stress = P/A = average stress
 For small portions of the overall area σ = dP/dA
differential force per differential unit area
 dP= Differential applied load (normal to the
sectional area)
 dA = Differential cross-sectional area

 Tensile Stress
 Compressive Stress

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 Shear Stress
 Produced when applied loads cause one section of a
body to tend to slide past its adjacent sections
 Compressive and tensile stresses are normal stresses
as they are produced due to the forces acting
normal /perpendicular to the cross-sectional area
on which they act
 Shear stress is also called Tangential Stress because
it is produced due to the forces acting parallel to the
cross-sectional area on which they act
 τ = V/A

 V = Shear force at the centroid of the area A

 Single, double and direct shear

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 Strain
 Stress: Relationship of load, area and stress
 Strain
 Major field of SOM
 Change in shape, i.e., deformation due to loading

 Unit deformation

 Change in length per original length.

 є = δ/L = elongation per original length (average)

 Units inches per inch or meters per meter
 Conditions for constant strain calculation
Constant cross-sectional area specimen
 Homogeneous material

 Load must be axial , i.e., produce uniform stress

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 Stress-Strain Diagram
 Proportional limit : Stress and strain remain proportional
 Elastic limit: Beyond which “permanent set” occurs
 Yield Point : At which appreciable deformation (yielding or
elongation) of material occurs without any corresponding
increase in load.
 Yield Strength : Stress at yield point
 Ultimate Strength :
 Max stress that can be applied to cause permanent deformation,
 Beyond it, martial breaks down
 Highest ordinate on stress-strain diagram
 Rupture Strength : Stress at failure/break down.
 In structural steel, rupture strength < ultimate strength

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 Working Stress
 Also called as “allowable stress” is the max safe
stress a material may carry
 In design, working stress should be less than
proportional limit.
 Ductile Material: with the property of greater
deformation
 Brittle Material: which do not have the
property of deformation

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 Hook’s Law
 Stress is directly proportional to strain within elastic limit.
σαє
σ =E x є
(1)
E = Young’s Modulus or Modulus of Elasticity
E = σ/є
From eqn (1)
P/A = E x δ/L
δ = PL / AE = σ x L/E
E is a material property.
Ductile have higher value of E.

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 Shear Strain
 Angular change b/w two perpendicular faces
of a differential element.
 Modulus of Rigidity/ Shear Modulus - G

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 Poisson's Ratio
 Lengthening of a metal bar by axial tension is
accompanied by the reduction in the
transverse directions.
 Poisson’s ratio: ratio of the unit deformations
or strains in transverse directions is constant
for stresses wihin proportional limit.
 Єx = Strain in x direction (positive)
 Єy = Induced strain in y direction (negative)
 Єz = Induced strain in z direction (negative)
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 Biaxial Tensile Stresses and Strains
 An element subjected to simultaneous tensile
stresses in x and y directions
 Triaxial Tensile Stresses and Strains
 Relationship of E, G and ν
G = E/(1+ ν)
Values of ν
- 0.25 to 0.30 for Steel
- 0.33 fpr most of other metals
- 0.20 for concrete
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