12 Cooling Technology Neu
12 Cooling Technology Neu
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Tujuan dari pendinginan adalah untuk:
- mengkondisikan udara ruangan
- memperlambat reaksi kimia, misalnya pada makanan
- memproduksi es, es krim dll
Aplikasi:
- peralatan rumah tangga (kulkas, freezer, AC)
- peralatan industri, produksi, transportasi
- lab atau penelitian
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Mesin pendingin kompresi uap (vapor-compression) pertama
dibuat pada pertengahan 1750, namun secara komersial baru pada
thn 1854 dan untuk rumah tangga baru pada thn 1913. Setelah itu
berkembang pesat, dimana sekarang refrigerator dibagi menjadi
dua kompartemen: yaitu untuk makanan biasa yang suhunya
sekitar 0°C dan freezer suhunya di bawah 0°C untuk pembekuan.
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Factor utama yang mempengaruhi suhu dalam sebuah ruangan:
a) kuantitas rata2 radiasi yang diterima
b) suhu lingkungan (juga panas yang timbul di dalam gedung)
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Air conditioning
Rankine process for vapor compression cycle: p,h diagram of most
used diagrams
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Siklus pendingin kompresi uap:
1 2 kompresi adiabatik, keadaan uap refrigeran panas lanjut
(overheated)
2 3 pendinginan secara isobar (panas sensibel) dalam
kondensor
3 4 pendinginan isobar dan isotherm (panas laten)
4 5 expansi secara isenthalp (adiabatik) (throttling)
5 6 penguapan (evaporasi) secara isobar dan isotherm sampai
keadaan uap jenuh
Kapasitas kondenser:Q&
= · m& (h - h )
cond 4 2
Q&
Index performansi: ε RF &eva
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Sistem absorsi:
- refrigeran diuapkan atau disuling (distilled) dari absorban yang
kurang volatil (stabil)
- dicairkan di dalam sebuah kondenser yang didinginkan oleh air
atau udara
- fraksi cair dialirkan melalui sebuah katup expansi untuk bagian
pendinginan (cooling section atau evaporator)
- refrigeran dari evaporator diabsorpsi kembali di dalam cairan
penyerap pada absorber.
- dipompa balik ke generator yang telah dipanaskan
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Absorption Air Conditioning:
- For better refrigeration cycle performance higher temperature is
Method of compressing:
refrigerant in the liquid (absorbent) is pressurized by dissolving
in the absorber section and then accomplished by pumping it to
high pressure.
The low boiling point of refrigerant is driven from solution by
the addition of heat in generator, therefore the refrigerant vapor
is compressed without the large input of high-grade shaft work
that the vapor compression cycle demands. 18
Desirable characteristics for refrigerant-absorbent pair:
1) absence of solid-phase sorbent
2) refrigerant more volatile than the absorbent so that seperation
from the absorbent occurs easily in the generator
3) absorbent has a strong affinity for the refrigerant under
conditions in which absorption takes place
4) high degree of stability for long term operations
5) nontoxic and nonflamable
6) refrigerant has large latent heat so that the circulation rate can
be kept low
7) a low fluid viscosity that improves heat and mass transfer and
reduces pumping power
8) no long-term environmental effects
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Most commercially used refrigerant-absorbent pair:
1) LiBr-H2O (lithium bromide-water) refrigerant: H2O, absorbent: LiBr
2) NH3-H2O (ammonia-water) refrigerant: NH3, absorbent: H2O
Disadvantages:
1) crystallization in the stream returning from the generator.
To avoid this: a) careful design
b) additives usage
c) system can’t be operated at or lower than 0ºC but at t ≈ 5ºC
2) NH3-H2O system can be operated by much lower temperature but water
vapor must be removed from ammonia as much as possible to prevent ice
crystals from forming. This requires a rectify column after the boiler.
It can’t use a direct expansion evaporator due to the restriction for indoor
usage. (Fig. 18.66)
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Due to the boiling point of NH3 tNH3 < tH2O higher fraction of
NH3 is boiled off than that of water fraction and then it is cooled
in the rectifier by the countercurrent flow of the strong NH3-H2O
solution from the absorber, therefore some moisture is
condensed. The weak ammonia –water solution goes through a
pressure reducing valve to the absorber, where it absorbs the
ammonia vapor from the evaporator. The high pressure ammonia
from the rectifier is condensed by rejecting heat to the
atmosphere. It may be further sub cooled before expanding in a
throttle valve. The two-phase low temp. ammonia from the
throttle valve provides refrigeration in the evaporator. The vapor
from the evaporator is recombined with the weak ammonia
solution in the absorber. Operating pressures are primarily
controlled by the ambient temp. for an air cooled condenser, the
evaporator temp., and the concentration of the ammonia solution
in the absorber.
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Multieffect system
Solar collector becomes very important part, while
- to improve the economics of a solar absorption system, the efficiency of a solar
absorption system, the efficiency of the solar collectors must be improved in
addition to the COP of the absorption system thus reducing the required collector
area.
- COP of a single effect absorption system amounts to around 0,7
- for higher COP double-effect systems are used, which operate at higher temp.
than single-effect system requiring higher concentration solar collectors to
provide the heat input. (Fig. 18.67)
- a double-effect LiBr cycle has two generators at two different pressure levels
and
vapor is generated using solar heat source in the first generator, and it is
condensed in the second generator. The condensation heat is used to produce
more vapor (condenser-coupled system)
- thus the double-effect absorption cycle is a triple pressure cycle
- it uses the internal heat recovery to produce more vapor than is possible in a
single-effect system
- it requires a much higher driving temp. (> 140°C) to operate efficiently. 22
Other refrigerant-absorbent pair:
1. ammonia – salt
2. methylamine – salt
3. alcohol – salt
4. ammonia – organic solvent
5. sulfur dioxide – organic solvent
6. halogenated hydrocarbons – organic solvent
7. water – alkali nitrate
8. ammonia – water – salt
Efficiency: COP = coefficient of performance
cooling enthalpy qe
COP = input enthalpy = q qe = ∆heva, qg = ∆hg (Fig. 18.65)
g
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Contoh:
Dalam sebuah pabrik sementara ini uap dengan tekanan rendah
dibuang ke atmosfir, maka utk memanfaatkannya dipasang
sebuah chiller mekanikal yang COP nya = 4.0/tahun untuk
menghasilkan rata2 300 t pendinginan. Pengeluaran pabrik untuk
listrik adalah $0.05 setiap kWh (kilo Watt-hour). (enthalpi
spesifik pendinginan = 12,000 Btu/ton)
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Ende vom 06.11.19
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