CSS PJB Non Sianosis
CSS PJB Non Sianosis
Definisi
Penyakit dengan kelainan pada struktur jantung/fungsi sirkulasi jantung yang sudah ada sejak
lahir akibat adanya gangguan atau kegagalan perkembangan struktur jantung pada fase awal
perkembangan janin (trimester pertama). (American Heart Association)
Epidemiologi
● 8 – 10 bayi dari 1000 kelahiran hidup
● 30% diantaranya telah memberikan gejala pada minggu2 pertama kehidupan
● Bila tidak terdeteksi dini dan tidak ditangani dengan baik, 50% kematian akan terjadi pada
bulan pertama kehidupan
● Resiko untuk anak dari orang tua dengan PJB meningkat sebesar 4-5%.
Etiologi
1. Genetik
2. Lingkungan dan faktor ibu (paparan sinar rontgen, trauma fisik dan psikis, minum jamu,
rubella kongenital, DM pada ibu, SLE, dan konsumsi obat selama kehamilan (lithium,ethanol,
warfarin,thalidomide))
3. Kelainan kromosom
4. Trisomi kromosom 18
5. Trisomi kromosom 21
6. Sindrom Turner
Klasifikasi
Kelainan jantung bawaan non-sianotik Kelainan jantung bawaan sianotik (25%)
(75%)
1. Tetralogi of fallot
1. Defek septum atrium (ASD) 2. Atresia pulmonal dengan defek septum ventrikel
2. Defek septum ventrikel (VSD) 3. Atresia pulmonal tanpa defek septum ventrikel
3. Duktus arteriosus persisten (PDA) 4. Atresia trikuspida
4. Stenosis pulmonal 5. Trunkus arteriosus persisten
5. Koartasio aorta
6. Stenosis aorta
7. Prolaps katup mitral
Perbedaan ACYANOTIC DAN CYANOTIC
Acyanotic Cyanotic
Fetal Adult
● The third heart sound (S3), when audible, occurs early in ventricular filling, and may represent
tensing of the chordae tendineae and the atrioventricular ring, which is the connective
tissue supporting the AV valve leaflets.
● The fourth heart sound (S4), when audible, is caused by vibration of the ventricular wall
during atrial contraction. This sound is usually associated with a stiffened ventricle (low
ventricular compliance), and therefore is heard in patients with ventricular hypertrophy,
myocardial ischemia, or in older adults.
● S2 is physiologically split because aortic valve closure normally precedes pulmonic valve
closure. This splitting is not of fixed duration. S2 splitting changes depending on respiration,
body posture and certain pathological conditions.
Murmur
Sound generated by turbulent blood flow. Causes:
● Flow across a partial obstruction (e.g., aortic
stenosis)
● Increased flow through normal structures (e.g.,
aortic systolic murmur associated with a high-
output state, such as anemia)
● Ejection into a dilated chamber (e.g., aortic systolic
murmur associated with aneurysmal dilatation of
the aorta)
● Regurgitant flow across an incompetent valve (e.g.,
mitral regurgitation)
● Abnormal shunting of blood from one vascular
chamber to a lower-pressure chamber (e.g.,
ventricular septal defect [VSD])
Murmur Grading
Systolic
Diastolic
Difference between splitting
s2 and ventricular gallop (s3)
● S3 is a low-pitched sound; this is helpful in distinguishing a S3 from a split S2, which is high pitched.
● S3 heart sound should disappear when the diaphragm of the stethoscope is used and should be
present while using the bell; the opposite is true for a split S2.
● Also, the S3 sound is heard best at the cardiac apex, whereas a split S2 is best heard at the
pulmonic listening post (left upper sternal border).
● To best hear a S3, the patient should be in the left lateral decubitus position.
● Also, because S3 tend to be abnormal if audible, we can differentiate it by looking at tthe heart rate.
Usually gallop is accompanied with tachycardia while S2 isn’t
Acyanotic CHD
Tipe Defek
a. Ostium primum
b. Ostium secundum
c. Sinus venosus
ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT (ASD)
PATOFISIOLOGI
● Perbedaan tekanan
● Perbedaan resistensi vaskular
● Pembesaran atrium dan ventrikel
kanan
● Asimtomatik
● Jarang terjadi sirkulasi pulmonal
berlebih, kecuali pada ASD sedang
dan berat
● Sirkulasi pulmonal berlebih →
peningkatan vaskularisasi
pulmonal → hipertensi pulmonal
Sign & Symptom Physical Exam Supporting Exam
Tipe Defek
a. Perimembranous (80%)
b. Muscular
c. Supracristal
d. AV Canal atau inlet VSD
PATOFISIOLOGI
● Perbedaan tekanan
● Perbedaan resistensi vaskular
● Perbedaan ukuran diameter
defek
● Pembesaran atrium dan
ventrikel kanan
● Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
● Eisenmenger syndrome
Sign & Symptom Physical Exam Supporting Exam
Faktor Risiko
a. Prematuritas
b. Infeksi rubella maternal pada kehamilan
trimester pertama
c. Kehamilan atau persalinan pada wilayah
ketinggian tinggi
PATOFISIOLOGI
● Efek hemodinamik bergantung
pada ukuran lumen dan
resistensi vaskular.
● Ketika Qp=Qs, shunting minimal
● Seiring bertambah usia, Qp<Qs
sehingga terjadi left to right
shunting
● Pulmonary blood flow
meningkat → pulmonary
venous return meningkat →
workload meningkat pada
ventrikel kiri
Sign & Symptom Physical Exam Supporting Exam
- 5% dari CHD
- 5 to 10,000 live births
Lokasi
a. Valvular → malformation or fusion of the
cusps
b. Subvalvular → constricting fibrous ring
below the valve
c. Supravalvular → constricting fibrous ring
above the valve
Sign & Symptom Physical Exam Supporting Exam
Locations:
a. Valvular → valve leaflets
b. Subvalvular → within the body o the RV
c. Supravalvular → pulmonary artery.