INTRODUCTION

IN MOST MODERN ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS, THE

PREDOMINANT LOADS ARE RESISTIVE AND INDUCTIVE.

1) RESISTIVE LOADS ARE INCANDESCENT LIGHTING AND

RESISTANCE HEATING.
2) INDUCTIVE LOADS ARE A.C. MOTORS, INDUCTION
FURNACES, TRANSFORMERS AND BALLAST-TYPE
LIGHTING.
 POWER FACTOR

IN INDUCTIVE LOADS, THE MAGNETIC FIELD IS NECESSARY

BUT IT PRODUCES NO USEFUL WORK

THEREFORE IN AC CIRCUITS THE POWER SUPPLY UNIT HAS

TO PROVIDE FOR TWO TYPE OF POWER COMPONENTS TO
MEET THE REQUIREMENT OF THE LOAD NAMELY USEFUL &
NOT USEFUL ENERGY

THESE TWO TYPES OF POWER COMPONENTS ARE THE

ACTIVE AND REACTIVE.
 POWER FACTOR
 
•IS A MEASURE OF HOW EFFECTIVELY THE POWER
IS BEING CONVERTED INTO USEFUL WORK OUTPUT

•INDICATES THE EFFECT OF THE LOAD CURRENT ON

THE SUPPLY SYSTEM.

POWER FACTOR = ACTIVE POWER

  APPARENT POWER

•MEASURES HOW MUCH THE MAINS EFFICIENCY IS

AFFECTED BY BOTH PHASE LAG AND HARMONIC
CONTENT OF THE INPUT CURRENT.
POWER FACTOR – PHASOR DIAGRAM

Real Power= Vrms * Irms Cosφ1

φ
App
To 1 aren
ta φ t fund
la ame Q=Reactive Power
pp ntal
are 2 pow
nt er
p ow
er=
Vr
ms D=Distortion Power
* Irm
PHASE ANGLE s to
φ = φ1 + φ 2 tal

POWER FACTOR = COS φ = COS (φ1 + φ2)

 POWER FACTOR versus LOAD CURRENT

 
 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION ADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES OF POWER FACTOR

 
3. REDUCES LINE LOSSES
4. REDUCES LINE CURRENT
5. IMPROVES LINE VOLTAGE
6. IMPROVES VOLTAGE DROP

INDIRECT BENEFITS

10. BECAUSE OF THE REDUCTION IN CURRENT , HEATING

POWER DISSIPATION LOSS WILL BE MINIMAL FOR THE
SAME CONDUCTOR
11. POWER LOSS WILL BE MINIMAL
12. FREES UP SYSTEM CAPACITY
 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION METHODS

 
2. INJECTING THE REACTIVE POWER REQUIRED

4. FILTER THE NOISY OR DISTORTED REACTIVE POWER

3. SET THE CURRENT & VOLTAGE IN-PHASE

 POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT EQUIPMENTS

• Static capacitors

• Synchronous condensers

• Phase advancers
 STATIC CAPACITORS & SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER

  • DRAW LEADING CURRENT

• PARTLY OR COMPLETELY REDUCES THE LAGGING

CURRENT

• POWER FACTOR IMPROVES

• SUITABLE FOR STATIC & DYNAMIC LOADING

 POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT - CAPACITORS

 
 Active Power

   

Reactive Power
   
Available Active
Power

 ELECTRICALLOAD CONNECTED TO THE SUPPLY WITH OUT

CONNECTING CAPACITORS
POWER FACTOR CAN BE IN THE RANGE OF 0.7 TO 0.8
REACTIVE POWER ALSO SUPPLIED BY THE POWER SOURCE ONLY
 POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT - CAPACITORS

   Active Power

   

Reactive Power
   
Available Active
Power
 PHASE ADVANCERS

 
• MATCH THE STATOR WINDING CURRENT WITH THE
SUPPLYVOLTAGE.

• USED IN MOTOR CONTROL APPLICATIONS.

• USED FOR DYNAMICALLY CHANGING LOADS & INDIVIDUALLOADS

• COSTLIER

TYPICALLY, THE BEST SOLUTION USED TO IMPROVE

POWERFACTOR IS A CAPACITOR BANK.IT IS A
ECONOMICAL SOLUTION.
POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT FOR CONSTANT
LOAD

ECONOMICAL & VIABLE SOLUTION

USING CAPACITOR BANKS.

 Power factor improvement for Variable
load
PLANTS EQUIPPED WITH VERY LARGE INTERMITTENT
INDUCTIVE LOADS, SUCH AS LARGE MOTORS, COMPRESSORS,
 
ETC.,

IF THE CAPACITORS ARE ADDED IN THE CIRCUIT FOR THE

TOTAL CONNECTED LOAD & MANUALLY OPERATED THEN

1. COST WILL BE HIGHER. CAPITAL COST REQUIREMENT IS

HIGH

2. WHEN LOAD IS IN TURN OFF CONDITION, THE CAPACITORS

WILL PRODUCE EXCESS LEADING CURRENT & AGAIN IT IS
LEADING TO POOR POWER FACTOR

3. MANUALLY OPERATED CAPACITOR SWITCHES LEADING A

INACCURATE POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT
Thank You