BAHAYA DAN RISIKO

KESEHATAN KERJA
 PENGERTIAN
• Hazard atau bahaya adalah potensi
yang dimiliki oleh suatu bahan/
material, proses, atau kondisi untuk
menimbulkan kerusakan atau
kesakitan (kerugian).

• Bahaya merupakan sifat instrinsik

dan sudah dimiliki sejak sesuatu
diciptakan atau dibentuk
 JENIS BAHAYA DI TEMPAT KERJA

• Safety Hazard Bahaya Keselamatan Kerja

• Physical Hazard
• Chemical Hazard
• Biological Hazard Bahaya Kesehatan Kerja

• Ergonomic Hazard
• Psychosocial Hazard Safety and Health
 Bahaya Kesehatan Kerja

“ Occupational Health Hazard “

• Bahaya yang terdapat dilingkungan
kerja yang mempunyai potensi
untuk menimbulkan terjadinya
gangguan kesehatan, kesakitan, dan
penyakit akibat kerja.
 PENGERTIAN (Cont.)
• Risk atau Risiko adalah Besarnya
kemungkinan suatu bahan /
material, proses, atau kondisi
untuk menimbulkan kerusakan
atau kesakitan (kerugian)

• Kemungkinan atau probabilitas

timbulnya kerugian
 Bahaya dan Risiko dalam K3

K3
Kesehatan Kerja Keselamatan Kerja
Bahaya Kesehatan Kerja Bahaya Keselamatan
(Occupational Health Kerja (Occupational
BAHAYA Hazard) Safety hazard)

Risiko Kesehatan Kerja Risiko Keselamatan

RISIKO (Occupational Health Kerja (Occupational
Risk) Safety Risk)
 Ciri-ciri OHH
• Mempunyai potensi untuk menimbulkan
kesakitan gangguan kesehatan, dan
penyakit akibat kerja
• Ada di lingkungan kerja sepanjang waktu
dan memajani pekerja selama bekerja
(8 jam per hari atau 40 jam per minggu)
• Umumnya dalam konsentrasi yang rendah
• Dampak tidak segera kelihatan (butuh
waktu)  Kronik
• Mempertimbangkan aspek besaran
konsentrasi dan dosis
 Bahaya Kesehatan Kerja

• Physical Hazard (Bahaya Fisik)

Berupa energi seperti kebisingan,
radiasi, temperatur ekstrim,
pencahayaan, getaran, tekanan
udara dll.
 Bahaya Kesehatan Kerja

• Chemical Hazard (Bahaya Kimia)

Berupa bahan kimia baik dalam
bentuk gas, cair, dan padat yang
mempunyai sifat toksit, beracun,
irritan, asphyxian, patologik.
 Bahaya Kesehatan Kerja

• Biological Hazard (Bahaya Biologi)

bahaya yang berasal dari
mikroorganisme khususnya yang
patogen yang dapat menimbulkan
gangguan kesehatan.
 Bahaya Kesehatan Kerja

Ergonomic (Aspek ergonomi)

Merupakan bahaya yang dapat
menimbulkan gangguan kesehatan
sebagai akibat dari ketidak sesuaian
disain kerja dengan pekerja.
 Determinan Risiko Kesehatan

• Magnitude of Hazard (Konsentrasi

dan Dosis)
• Efek rating (Tingkat dampak :
Fatality, Very Serious, Serious,
Moderate, Low, Trivial)
• Probabilitas (Kemungkinan)
• Frekuensi Pajanan
• Durasi Pajanan
GUIDE TO HAZARD INFORMATION

Compound H S R SH
Acetal Dehyde 3 4 2 -
Acetyl Chlorida 3 3 2 W
Benzene 2 3 0 -
Bromine 3 0 0 OX
Butyl Alcohol 1 3 0 -
 Classification of Occupational Safety and
Health Hazards in Industry

Chemical Physical Biological Ergonomics Psychological

Fumes Heat, Cold Insects Biorhythmic Mental task overload
Gases Ionizing Microbes Circadian Stress
radiation
Liquids Toxic plants Fatigue Substance abuse
Non Ionizing
Particulates Reptiles Manual Organization behavior
Pressure
Dust Small mammals handling
Noise
Vapors
Vibration
Wild Animals Workstation
General Safety
Violent People design
Mechanical
Lighting
Kinetic
Electrical
Note: Environmental

All hazards must be addressed in Fire, Exclusion

Pressurized system
employer’s overall safety and health
Motor vehicle
program if present at work site
 PREVENTION TREATMENT

OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENIST

ENVIRONMENT METABOLISME
HAZARD HAZARD
MODES OF ACTION CLINICAL SIGNS
EFFECTS

WORKER

PHYSICIAN
INFLUENCES SURROUNDING THE WORKER
1. MECHANICAL/ POTENTIAL HAZARDS
PHYSICAL

MACHINES WORK PROCESSES, PHYSICAL INJURY

WORK PRACTICE

PHYSICAL HEAT, VENTILATION HEAT EXHAUSTION,HEAT CRAMPS HEAT

STROKE, NON USE OF PERSONAL
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

LIGHT VISION DETERIORATION, PHYSICAL

INJURY, LASER/INFRA RED/ULTRA
VIOLET RAY BURNS

NOISE NOISE INDUCED DEAFNESS, DIFFICULTY

IN COMMUNICATING, WORK STRESS

WHITE FINGERS, RAYNAUDS

VIBRATION PHENOMENA

INFLAMTION,ULCERATION, ALOPECIA,
RADIATION BLOOD DYSCRASIA, CANCER
 INFLUENCES SURROUNDING THE
WORKER
2. CHEMICALS POTENTIAL HAZARDS
HYDROCARBONS FIRES AND EXPLOSIONS, DERMATITIS,
SKIN CANCER, NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECT:

• DEPRESSION
• NEUROSIS

LOCAL IRRITANTS AFFECTING EYES,

LUNGS, MUCUS MEMBRANES, CANCER,
MUTATION

TETRA – ETHYLLEAD NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS :

PSYCHOSIS

OTHERS – GASES, FUMES, RELATED EFFECTS ON VARIED BODY

ACIDS, ALKALIS, DYES, ORGANS : BURNS, BLOOD DYSCRASIAS,
DUST, ETC PULMONARY FIBROSIS, CANCER
 INFLUENCES SURROUNDING THE
WORKER

3. BIOLOGICAL POTENTIAL HAZARDS

VIRUSES, BACTERIA, RELATED INFECTIONS,

FUNGI PARASITE, ALLERGIES AND THEIR
POLLENS SEQUEL
INFLUENCES SURROUNDING THE WORKER

3. PSYCHO - SOCIAL POTENTIAL HAZARDS

AGE, EDUCATION, ATTITUDE

ACCIDENT PRONESS,
TRAINING, EXPERIENCE,
WORK STRESS
INTER – RELATIONSHIPS
WITH MANAGEMENT, FELLOW
WORKERS, FAMILY
 RISIKO FAKTOR FISIK
Jenis Bahaya Risiko Konsekuensi

NOISE Auditory Occupational deafness

Non – auditory (NIHL)

VIBRATION Segmental White fingers

Whole body Musculoskeletal disorders

HEAT Dehydration Heat cramp s/d

Heat stroke

COLD Vasoconstriction Frostbite

LIGTHING Visual aculty Fatigue, Virus

Hypo baric Hypoxia (Oxygen)

PRESSURE Hyperbaic Gases exchange

RADIATION Ionizing DNA / RNA

Non - ionizing Heating tissue Cataract,
Reproductive syst.
 RISIKO FAKTOR FISIK

Jenis Bahaya Risiko Konsekuensi

PARTICULATES, Depositions Silicosis

DUSTS, FIBERS (inhaled) Bysinosis
Cancer

GASES, VAPORS Irritation Asphyxiant

MISTS, FUMES, (inhaled) Asthma
SMOKE
Contact Derma (titis/toses)
LIQUIDS, (ingested, Poisoning, Cancer
SOLVENTS absorbtion)

Contact Derma (titis/toses)

SOLIDS (ingested, Poisoning, Cancer
absorbtion)
 RISIKO FAKTOR BIOLOGIK

Jenis Bahaya Risiko Konsekuensi

BACTERIA Infection Diseases

FUNGI Infection Diseases

VIRUSES Infection Diseases

OTHERS Infection Diseases

 RISIKO FAKTOR ERGONOMI

Jenis Bahaya Risiko Konsekuensi

MANUAL HANDLING Musculoskeletal Back pain, HNP

Neck stiffness

REPETITIVE Musculoskeletal CTS ,CTD, RSI

MOVEMENT

TOOLS, EQUIPMENT Musculoskeletal RSI, MSDs

OVERLOAD Physical stresses Fatigue

WORK STATION Musculoskeletal MSDs

 RISIKO FAKTOR PSIKOSOSIAL

Jenis Bahaya Risiko Konsekuensi

WORK Stress Work performance

ORGANIZATION
Fatigue, Work
JOB CONTENT Stress performance

SHIFTWORK Stress Fatigue, personality

WORK SITE Stress Personality, Work

performance

OTHERS Stress Accident prone