Perkembangan
Anak
Dr. Linda Silvana Sari, M.Biomed. Sp.A
IMUNISASI
Tujuan Vaksin yang Ideal
• Menghasilkan perlindungan sistem imun yang sama seperti
infeksi alamiah namun tanpa menimbulkan penyakit berat dan
komplikasi
• Menghasilkan imunitas jangka panjang
• Menghentikan penyebaran infeksi
• Antigen vaksin dengan antigen penyebab penyakit infeksi
alamiah semakin mirip
• Respons imun protektif semakin baik
• Reaksi simpang semakin berat
16
Polio PD3I
Program Imunisasi Nasional
BCG (penyakit yang dapat
dicegah dengan
imunisasi)
Pertusis Hib
*MR
*JE Campak VPD
(vaccine preventable
*PCV diseases)
Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan RI No.42
Th.2013
Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan RI
No.42 Th.2013
Imunisasi booster
Ja d w a l Im u n i s a s i A n a k U s i a 0 – 1 8 T a h u n
R e k o m e n d a s i Ik a t a n D o k t e r A n a k In d o n e s i a ( ID A I) T a h u n 2 0 1 7
U s ia
Im u n i s a s i B u la n Ta h u n
L a h ir 1 2 3 4 5 6 9 12 15 18 24 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 18
H e p a ti ti s B 1 2 3 4
P o l io 0 1 2 3 4
BCG 1 k a li
D TP 1 2 3 4 5 6 (T d / T d a p ) 7 (T d )
H ib 1 2 3 4
PCV 1 2 3 4
R o t a v ir u s 1 2 3a
I n fl u e n z a U l a n g a n 1 k a l i s e ti a p t a h u n
Cam pak 1 2 3
M M R 1 2
T if o i d U l a n g a n s e ti a p 3 t a h u n
H e p a ti ti s A 2 k a li, in t e r v a l 6 – 1 2 b u la n
V a r is e la 1 k a li
H PV 2 a t a u 3 k a li b
Ja p a n e s e e n c e p h a lit is 1 2
D engue 3 k a li, in t e r v a l 6 b u la n
Ke t e ra n g a n 5. V a k s in p n e u m o k o k u s ( P C V ) . A p a b ila d i b e r ik a n p a d a u s ia 7 - 1 2 b u la n , P C V d ib e r i k a n 2 k a li d e n g a n in t e r v a l 2 b u la n ;
C a r a m e m b a c a k o lo m u s ia : m is a l 2 b e r a r ti u s i a 2 b u l a n ( 6 0 h a r i ) s . d . 2 b u l a n 2 9 h a r i ( 8 9 h a r i ) d a n p a d a u s ia le b ih d a r i 1 t a h u n d ib e r ik a n 1 k a li. K e d u a n y a p e r lu b o o s t e r p a d a u s ia le b ih d a r i 1 2 b u la n a t a u m in im a l
R e k o m e n d a s i im u n is a s i b e r la k u m u la i Ja n u a r i 2 0 1 7 2 b u la n s e t e la h d o s is t e ra k h ir. P a d a a n a k u s ia d i a t a s 2 t a h u n P C V d ib e r ik a n c u k u p s a t u k a li.
D a p a t d i a k s e s p a d a w e b s i t e ID A I ( h t t p : / / i d a i . o r . i d / p u b l i c - a r t i c l e s / k l i n i k / i m u n i s a s i / ja d w a l - i m u n i s a s i - a n a k - i d a i . h t m l ) 6. V a k s in r o t a v iru s . V a k s in r o t a v ir u s m o n o v a le n d ib e r ik a n 2 k a l i, d o s is p e r t a m a d ib e r ik a n u s i a 6 - 1 4 m in g g u ( d o s is
a
V a k s i n r o t a v i r u s m o n o v a l e n ti d a k p e r l u d o s i s k e - 3 ( l i h a t k e t e r a n g a n ) p e r t a m a at i d k d i b e r i k a n p a d a u s i a > 1 5 m i n g g u ) , d o s i s k e - 2 d i b e r i k a n d e n g a n i n t e r v a l m i n i m a l 4 m i n g g u . B a t a s a k h i r
b
A p a b i l a d i b e r i k a n p a d a r e m a j a u s i a 1 0 - 1 3 t a h u n , p e m b e r i a n c u k u p 2 d o s i s d e n g a n i n t e r v a l 6 - 1 2 b u l a n ; r e s p o n s a n ti b o d i p e m b e r ia n p a d a u s ia 2 4 m in g g u . V a k s in r o t a v ir u s p e n t a v a le n d ib e r ik a n 3 k a li, d o s is p e r t a m a d ib e r ik a n u s ia 6 -1 4
s e t a r a d e n g a n 3 d o s is (lih a t k e t e r a n g a n ) m i n g g u ( d o s i s p e r t a m a at i d k d i b e r i k a n p a d a u s i a > 1 5 m i n g g u ) , d o s i s k e d u a d a n k e t i g a d i b e r i k a n d e n g a n i n t e r v a l 4 - 1 0
O p ti m a l C a t c h -u p Bo o ste r D a e r a h E n d e m is m in g g u . B a t a s a k h ir p e m b e r ia n p a d a u s ia 3 2 m in g g u .
7. V a k s i n e i n f l u n z a . V a k s i n e i n f l u n z a d i b e r i k a n p a d a u s i a l e b i h d a r i 6 b u l a n , d i u l a n pg s e t i a t a h u n . U n t u k i m u n i s a s i
U n t u k m e m a h a m i t a b e l ja d w a l im u n is a s i p e r lu m e m b a c a k e t e r a n g a n t a b e l p e r t a m a k a li ( p r im a r y im m u n iz a t i o ) p a d a a n a k u s ia k u r a n g d a r i 9 t a h u n d ib e r i d u a k a li d e n g a n in t e r v a l m in im a l 4
1 . V a k s i n h e p ia t is t B (H B ). V a k s in H B p e r t a m a ( m o n o v a le n ) p a lin g b a ik d ib e r ik a n d a la m w a k t u 1 2 ja m s e t e la h la h ir m i n g g u . U n t u k a n a k 6 - 3 6 b u l a n , d o s i s 0 , 2 5 m L . U n t u k a n a k u s i a 3 6 b u l aa n a t a u l e b i h , d o s i s 0 , 5 m L .
d a n d id a h u lu i p e m b e r ia n s u n ti k a n v it a m in K 1 m in im a l 3 0 m e n it s e b e lu m n y a . J a d w a l p e m b e r ia n v a k s in H B m o n o v a - 8. V a k s i n c a m p a k . V a k s i n c a m p a k k e d u a ( 1 8 b u l a n ) t i d k pe r l u d i b e r i k a n a p a b i l a s u d a h m e n d a p a t k a n M M R .
l e n a d a l a h u s i a 0 , 1 , d a n 6 b u l a n . B a y i l a h i r d a r i i b u H B s A g p o s i t i f , d i b e r i k a n v a k s i n H B d a n i m u n o g l o b u l i n h e p ia t is t B 9. V a k s in M M R / M R . A p a b il a s u d a h m e n d a p a t k a n v a k s in c a m p a k p a d a u s ia 9 b u la n , m a k a v a k s i n M M R / M R d ib e r ik a n
( H B Ig ) p a d a e k s t r e m it a s y a n g b e r b e d a . A p a b ila d ib e r ik a n H B k o m b in a s i d e n g a n D T P w , m a k a ja d w a l p e m b e r ia n p a d a p a d a u s ia 1 5 b u la n (m in im a l in t e r v a l 6 b u la n ). A p a b ila p a d a u s ia 1 2 b u la n b e lu m m e n d a p a t k a n v a k s in c a m p a k , m a k a
u s ia 2 , 3 , d a n 4 b u la n . A p a b ila v a k s in H B k o m b in a s i d e n g a n D T P a , m a k a ja d w a l p e m b e r ia n p a d a u s ia 2 , 4 , d a n 6 b u la n . d a p a t d ib e r ik a n v a k s in M M R / M R .
2 . V a k s in p o lio . A p a b il a la h ir d i r u m a h s e g e r a b e r ik a n O P V - 0 . A p a b i la la h ir d i s a r a n a k e s e h a t a n , O P V - 0 d i b e r ik a n s a a t 10. V a k s in v a ris e la . V a k s in v a r is e la d ib e r ik a n s e t e la h u s ia 1 2 b u la n , t e r b a ik p a d a u s ia s e b e lu m m a s u k s e k o la h d a s a r.
b a y i d ip u la n g k a n . S e la n ju t n y a , u n t u k p o lio - 1 , p o lio - 2 , p o lio - 3 , d a n p o lio b o o s t e r d ib e r ik a n O P V a t a u IP V . P a lin g s e - A p a b ila d ib e r ik a n p a d a u s ia le b ih d a r i 1 3 t a h u n , p e r lu 2 d o s is d e n g a n in t e r v a l m in im a l 4 m in g g u .
d ik it h a r u s m e n d a p a t s a t u d o s is v a k s in IP V b e r s a m a a n d e n g a n p e m b e r ia n O P V -3 . 11. V a k s in h u m a n p a p ilo m a v ir u s (H P V ) . V a k s in H P V d ib e r i k a n m u la i u s i a 1 0 t a h u n . V a k s in H P V b iv a le n d ib e r ik a n ti g a
3 . V a k s in B C G . P e m b e r ia n v a k s in B C G d ia n j u r k a n s e b e l u m u s ia 3 b u la n , o p ti m l u s i a 2 b u la n . A p a b i la d ib e r i k a n p a d a k a li d e n g a n ja d w a l 0 , 1 , 6 b u la n ; v a k s in H P V t e t r a v a le n d e n g a n ja d w a l 0 ,2 , 6 b u la n . A p a b ila d ib e r ik a n p a d a r e m a ja
u s ia 3 b u la n a t a u le b ih , p e r lu d ila k u k a n u ji t u b e r k u lin t e r le b ih d a h u lu . u s i a 1 0 - 1 3 t a h u n , p e m b e r i a n c u k u p 2 d o s i s d e n g a n i n t e r v a l 6 - 1 2 b u l a n ; r e s p o n s a on t i b d i s e t a r a d e n g a n 3 d o s i s .
4 . V a k s in D T P. V a k s in D T P p e r t a m a d ib e r ik a n p a lin g c e p a t p a d a u s ia 6 m in g g u . D a p a t d i b e r i k a n v a k s in D T P w a t a u 12. V a k s i n Ja p a n e s e e n c e p h a l i t i s ( JE ) . V a k s i n J E d i b e r i k a n m u l a i u s i a 1 2 b u l a n p a d a d a e r a h e n d e m i s a t a u t u r i s y a n g
D T P a a t a u k o m b in a s i d e n g a n v a k s in la in . A p a b ila d ib e r ik a n v a k s in D T P a m a k a in t e r v a l m e n g ik u ti r e k o m e n d a s i v a k s in a k a n b e p e r g ia n k e d a e r a h e n d e m is t e r s e b u t . U n t u k p e r lin d u n g a n ja n g k a p a n ja n g d a p a t d ib e r ik a n b o o s t e r 1 - 2 t a h u n
t e r s e b u t y a it u u s ia 2 , 4 , d a n 6 b u la n . U n t u k a n a k u s ia le b ih d a r i 7 t a h u n d ib e r ik a n v a k s in T d a t a u T d a p . U n t u k D T P 6 b e r ik u t n y a .
d a p a t d i b e r i k a n T d / T d a p p a d a u s i a 1 0 - 1 2 t a h u n d a n b o o s t e r T d d i b e r i k a n ps e t i a 10 t a h u n . 13. V a k s in d e n g u e . D ib e r ik a n p a d a u s ia 9 - 1 6 t a h u n d e n g a n ja d w a l 0 , 6 , d a n 1 2 b u l a n .
Tuberkulosis
Tanda dan Gejala Klinis TB
www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/index.html
Difteri
Tanda dan Gejala Klinis Difteri
Perjalanan Penyakit Difteri
Penularan penyakit
Inkubasi (2–5 hari)
Gejala awal
● Iritabilitas
● Aktivitas menurun
● Bercak eksudat di faring
Days to months
2–3 hari
Gejala akut
● Membran tebal, keabu-abuan, menutupi faring
● KGB servikal nyeri dan membesar
● Jaringan sekitar faring inflamasi dan udema menyebabkan
gambaran klasik ‘bull-neck’ appearance
● Takikardi Komplikasi
7 hari
Stadium Kataralis
1–2 minggu
Stadium Paroxysmal
1–6 minggu
Konvalesens Komplikasi
● Nyeri leher
● Kaku kuduk
Periode onset (1–4 hari)
• Komplikasi campak
(terutama pada gizi
buruk)
• Diare 8%
• Otitis media 7%
• Pneumonia 6%
• Ensefalitis 0,1%
• Kejang 0,6-0,7%
• Kematian 0,2%
Temperature (°C)
5
4
Oral
3 39
2
1
0 37
Hari 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Lain-lain
Ketulian Jantung
Keterlambatan Patent ductus arteriosus
perkembangan Stenosis arteri pulmonalis
Tidur berlebihan Kelaian jantung lainnya
Iritabel
BBLR
Kejang
Ruam kulit saat lahir
POLIOMIELITIS
Tanda dan Gejala Klinis Poliomielitis:
Perjalanan Penyakit
Polio paralitik
30% 10%
Fever
Vomiting
Viral shedding
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Day of onset to symptoms
Tifoid
Tanda dan Gejala Klinis Tifoid:
Gambaran Klinis Anak (n=150)
Demam
Menggigil
Nyeri perut
Mual
Muntah
Diare
Obstipasi
Mengigau
Kesadaran menurun
Lidah tifoid
Nyeri epigastrium
Hepatomegali 10 25 50 75 100%
Splenomegali
HEPATITIS A
Tanda dan Gejala Klinis Hepatitis A:
Manifestasi Klinis
Vector Mosquito
Environment
Victim-Accidental