THE TRANSPORT PROTOCOL LAYER

TASKS:
Reliable
Cost effective
Independant of physical network
 THE TRANSPORT LAYER
TRANSPORT SERVICE:
GOALS:
 Efficient
 Reliable
 Cost effective service to its users
To achieve this goal,the transport layer
makes use of the service provided by the
network layer.
 THE TRANSPORT SERVICE

Services provided to the upper

layers
Quality of service
Tansport service primitives
 Services provided to the upper layers
 The hardware and/or software within the transport
layer that does the work is called transport entity.
 The transport entity can be in the operating system
kernal,in a separate user process,in a library
package bound into network applications,or on
network interface card.
 The carrier may even provide reliable transport
service,in which case the transport entity lives on
special interface machines at the edge of the
subnet to which hosts connect.
 The logical relationship of the
network,transport,and application layers.
HOST 1 HOST 2

Application
(or session) Application
Layer (or session)
transport address layer
application/transport interface

TrTransport transport
TPDU entity
entity
transport protocol
transport/network interface

Network layer Network layer

services provided to the upper layers contd.......

Two types of transport service

• connection oriented transport service.
• connectionless oriented transport service .
The connection oriented transport service is
similar to the connection oriented net work
service .
 In both cases ,connections have three phases :
1. establishment
2. data transfer
3. release
 Addressing and flow control are also similar in
both layers.
 Furthermore,connectionless transport service
is also similar to the connectionless network
service.
 The transport layer it is possible for application
program to be written using a standard set of
primitives.
 It is also possible to have these programs to work
on a wide variety of networks,deling diffrent
subnet interfaces and unreliable transmission.
 The transport layer would no be neede when real
networks were flawless and all had the same
primitives.
 The bottom four layers can be seen as the
transport service provider.
 The upper layers are the transport service user.
 This distinction of provider versus user has a
considerable impact on the design of the layers
and puts the transport in a key positon .
 Since it provides the major boundary between
the provider and user of the reliable data
transmission service.
 QUALITY OF SERVICE
• It can be characterized by a number of specific
parameters.
• The transport service may allow user to specify
preferred,acceptable,and minimum values for
various service parameters at the time a
connection is set up.
• Some of the parameters also apply to
connectionless transport.
• The transport layer examine these parameters
depending upon the kind of network service or
services available to it.
Typical transport layer quality of
service parameters
Connection establishment delay

Connection establishment failure probablity

Throughput

Transit delay

Residual error ratio

Protection

Priority

resilience
 Quality of service contd...
• The connection establishment delay is the amount
of time elapsing betwen a transport connection
being requested and the confirmation being
received by the user of the transport service.
• It includes the processing delay in the remote
transfer entity.
• The connection establishment failure probablity is
the chance of connection not being established
within maximum establishment delay time,for
eg:due to network congestion,lack of table space
somewhere,or other internal problems.
 Quality of service contd...
• The throughput parameter measures the
number of bytes of user data transfered per
second, measured over some time interval.
• The throughput is measured seperately for
each direction.
• The transit delay measures the time between a
message being sent by the transport user on
the source machine and its being by the
transport user on the destination machine.
• As with throughput each direction is handled
seperately.
 Quality of service contd...
• The residual error ratio measures the number
of lost or garbled messages as a fraction of total
sent.
• The residual error rate should be zero,since it is
the job of the transport layer to hide all
network layer errors .
• The protection parameter provides a way for
the transport user to specify interest in having
the transport layer provide protction against
unauthorized third parties reading or modifying
the transmitted data.
 Quality of servie contd...
• The priority parameters provides a way for a
transport user to indicate that some of its
connections are more important than other
ones.
• In the event of congestion, to make sure that
the high priority connections get serviced
before the low priority ones.
• The resilience parameter gives the probablity
of the transport layer itself spontaneously
terminating a connection due to internal
problems or congestion.
 Quality of service contd.....
• The quality of service are specified by the
transport user when a connection is
requested. Both the desired and minimum
acceptable values can be given
• In some cases, upon seeing the quality of
service parameters,the transport layer may
immediately realize that some of them are
unachievable.
• The failure report specifies the reason for the
failure.