GLOBAL POSITIONING

SYSTEM

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SANTOSH BHARADWAJ REDDY
Email: help@matlabcodes.com
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 Global Positioning System (G.P.S)

 GPS
 Why GPS
 GPS Receiver
 GPS Broadcast signals
 How GPS Works
 Measuring distance
 Applications
 Differential GPS
 Difference between GPS and DGPS
GLOBAL POSITONING SYSTEM (G.P.S):

 The Global Positioning System

(GPS) is the only fully functional
Global Navigation Satellite System
(GNSS).

 Utilizing a constellation of at least 24

Medium Earth Orbit satellites that
transmit precise microwave signals,
the system enables a GPS receiver
to determine its location, speed,
direction, and time

 GPS has become a widely used

aid to navigation worldwide, and a
useful tool for map-making,
land surveying, commerce, scientific
uses, and hobbies such as
geocaching.
 GPS also provides a precise
time reference used in many
applications including scientific
study of earthquakes, and
synchronization of
telecommunications networks

 Meteorologists use it for weather

forecasting and global climate
studies; and geologists can use it
as a highly accurate method of
surveying and in earthquake
studies to measure tectonic
motions during and in between
earthquakes.
WHY G.P.S
 Trying to figure out where you are
and where you are going is probably
one of man’s oldest pastimes.
 Over the years all kinds of
technologies have tried to simplify
the task but everyone has had some
disadvantage
 Finally, the U.S. Department of
Defense decided that the military
had to have a super precise form of
worldwide positioning
 The result is the Global Positioning
System, a system that’s changed
navigation forever
  GPS receivers come in a
variety of formats, from
devices integrated into cars,
G.P.S RECEIVER phones, and watches, to
dedicated devices such as
those shown here from
manufacturers Trimble,
Garmin and Leica (left to
right).

 Displays of
Latitude/Longitude, boat
speed and heading average
speed, average bearing,
passed time,
distance/bearing to way
point, cross track error,
course deviation.
GPS BROADCAST SIGNALS

 Each GPS satellite continuously broadcasts a Navigation

Message at 50 bit/s

 The messages are sent in frames, each taking 30 seconds to

transmit 1500 bits.

 Each satellite transmits its navigation message with at least two

distinct spread spectrum codes: the Coarse / Acquisition (C/A)
code, which is freely available to the public, and the Precise (P)
code, which is usually encrypted and reserved for military
applications

Frequencies used by GPS include:

 L1 (1575.42 MHz): Mix of Navigation Message, coarse-acquisition (C/A)

code and encrypted precision P(Y) code, plus the new L1C on future Block III
satellites.

 L2 (1227.60 MHz): P(Y) code, plus the new L2C code on the Block IIR-M
and newer satellites.

 L3 (1381.05 MHz): Used by the Nuclear Detonation (NUDET) Detection

System Payload (NDS) to signal detection of nuclear detonations and other
high-energy infrared events. Used to enforce nuclear test ban treaties.

 L4 (1379.913 MHz): Being studied for additional ionospheric correction.

 L5 (1176.45 MHz): Proposed for use as a civilian safety-of-life (SoL) signal

(see GPS modernization). This frequency falls into an internationally
protected range for aeronautical navigation, promising little or no interference
under all circumstances. The first Block IIF satellite that would provide this
signal is set.
HOW G.P.S WORKS
 Here’s how GPS works in five logical steps:

 The basis of GPS is “triangulation” from satellites.

 To “triangulate”, a GPS receiver measures distance using the travel time of

radio signals.

 To measure travel time, GPS needs very accurate timing which it achieves
with some tricks.

 Along with distance, you need to know exactly where the satellites are in
space. High orbits and careful monitoring are the secret.

 Finally you must correct for any delays the signal experiences as it travels
through the atmosphere.
MEASURING DISTANCE

 Velocity (60 mph) x Time (2

hours) = Distance (120 miles)

 In the case of GPS we're

measuring a radio signal so the
velocity is going to be the speed
of light or roughly 186,000 miles
per second.
ERRORS IN GPS:
 Selective Availability

Satellite geometry

Multipath effect

Atmospheric effects

Satellite Orbits
APPLICATIONS

 Geo positioning satellites in the present era has been

implementing in many fields. The applications of these GPS
systems are very vast and some of the applications of this GPS
system are as follows:

 Military applications.

 Surveying.

 Geocaching.

 GPS usage by aircraft passengers

 Precise time reference.

 Geo Physics and Geology.

MILITARY APPLICATIONS:

 Navigation

 Target tracking

 Missile and projectile guidance

 Search and Rescue

 Reconnaissance and Map Creation

 The GPS satellites also carry a set of nuclear detonation detectors

consisting of an optical sensor (Y-sensor), an X-ray sensor, a dosimeter,
and an Electro-Magnetic Pulse (EMP) sensor (W-sensor) which form a
major portion of the United States Nuclear Detonation Detection System.
 DIFFERENTIAL GPS:
 The accuracy of GPS measurements can be increased
considerably by using differential GPS(DGPS) techniques.

 Differential GPS estimates the error in reference measurements

and broadcast these corrections to improve navigational accuracy.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GPS AND
DGPS
 The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a navigation and
precise-positioning tool. Developed by the Department
of Defense in 1973.

 A Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is a

system designed to improve the accuracy of Global
Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) by measuring
extremely small changes in variables to provide satellite
positioning corrections

 GPS uses satellite technology to enable a terrestrial

terminal to determine its position on the Earth in latitude
and longitude.

 DPGS uses global satellite positioning to the

measurements of navigation satellite signals.
CONCLUSlON

 GPS is a universal system basically for positioning that has a

large domain of applications ranging from Identification of certain
landform, to Traffic control and law enforcement.
 This system comprising 24 GPS satellites which revolve around
the earth which are tracked by ground stations located all around
the earth.
 The future of GPS is a brighter one that has no limits and
horizons; it begins with construction, mapping, surveying, remote
sensing etc.
 Tracking of an object using GPS involves a set of steps: A GPS
receiver's job is to locate four or more of these satellites, figure
out the distance to each, and use this information to deduce its
own location.
 This operation is based on a simple mathematical principle called
trilateration.
Any Queries
Document By
SANTOSH BHARADWAJ REDDY
Email: help@matlabcodes.com
Engineeringpapers.blogspot.com
More Papers and Presentations available on above site