BODY DEFENCE MECHANISM

OUR BODIES HAVE THREE LINES OF DEFENCE

AGAINST PATHOGEN :

• First line: Prevention of pathogen entering

the body.
• Second Line: killing the pathogen that enter
our body by phagocytic action.
• Third line: Killing the pathogen by
antibodies action.
 FIRST LINE OF DEFENCE:
(NON SPECIFIC DEFENCE)
SKIN:
• ceratinised layer: tough for pathogen to penetrate.
• Blood clots
• Sweat contain salt & lysozymes.
• Sebaceous gland produce sebum contain acid & oil.

TEARS & SALIVA:

• Lysozymes protect eyes & mouth.

GASTRIC JUICE:
12. Hydrochloric acid .

MUCOUS MEMBRANE:
• Mucus in nasal cavity & trachea trap dust.
• Cilia in respiratory tract sweep dust& foreing particles &
stimulate sneeze /cough to expel pathogen.

;
 SECOND LINE OF DEFENCE
(NON SPESIFIC DEFENCE)

NEUTROPHIL, MONOCYTES& MACROPHAGE.

• There are call phagocytes and its process

known as phagocytosis.
• Phagocytes will move to infected area due to
stimulations by chemicals released by
damage cells.
• Phagocytes will engulf the pathogen & digest
it, also cause the killing of the phagocytes.
• Dead bacteria may accumulate to form pus
at the site of injury.
 THIRD LINE BODY DEFENCE:
(SPESIFIC DEFENCE)
By Antibody action:
• Lymphocytes will released antibody in
response to the presence of foreign
particles called antigen.
• The person now is immune to particular
pathogen after recovered from the
diseases.
• There are 4 ways of mechanism on how the
pathogen is destroy:
• Neutralisation
• Lysine
• Agglutination
• Opsonisation
 DEFENCE MECHANISM
through

external environment internal environment

as involving circular system
2nd line 3rd line
1st line such as

phogocytosis immunity immunisation

gives
skin, type
by
mucus,
tears. passive active
white blood cells
known as known as

natural artificial natural artificial

breast serum vaccination

feeding injection
form of
 TYPE OF IMMUNITY

1. ACTIVE:
The body produces its own antibodies.

4. PASSIVE:
The body receives antibodies from
outside sources.

*WHAT IS SERUM & VACCINE?

*WHAT IS IMMUNISATION & IMMUNITY?
 TYPES OF IMMUNITY
• the ability of an organism to defend itself against infection by pathogens
• depends on the presence of lymphocytes & production of antibodies.

ACTIVE PASSIVE

Artificial Natural

Natural Artificial
Artificial active Natural passive
immunity Artificial passive
Immunity
Immunity
• obtained through • inherited by an
Active natural acquired • obtaining by injecting serum
vaccination individual through:
Immunity containing specific antibodies
-after a person recovers ( immunisation) - placenta • normally used to treat
• vaccine contains - mother’s milk
from an infection patients who are already
-eg: measles, chicken pox killed or weakened
seriously ill
-ability to produce more antigens & lymphocytes
• temporary immunity because
in the body produce
antibodies rapidly the foreign antibodies
antibodies.
break down in the body and
• eg:hepatitis B, tetanus,
not replaced.
poliomyelitis,diphtheria.
• eg : rabies, snake bites,
botulism.
 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ACTIVE & PASSIVE
IMMUNITY.
ASPECT ARTIFICIAL ARTIFICIAL
ACQUIRED ACTIVE ACQUIRED PASSIVE
IMMUNITY IMMUNITY
•Type of Vaccine containing Serum containing
injection: dead / weakened specific antibodies
pathogen
Time injection: Before a person is At the time when a
infected with person is infected
disease
Time taken to Body need time to Ready made
achieve synthesis antibody antibody, give
immunity: immediate immunity
Duration of Long lasting Short time of period
immunity
Booster Needed Not needed
 AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency Sydrome

Causes by HIV :
• Attack the central nervous system (CNS) & T-
cells (T-lymphocytes) that helps B-lymphocytes
in antibody production.
• HIV needs 8-10 years incubation period before
the symptom appears.
• The immune system becomes wekeaned.
• Decrease in function of CNS followed by body
weight loss.
• Eventually death, cause of secondary infection
such as pneumonia, meningitis, tuberculosis &
fungal infection.
 TRANSMISSION METHODS OF AIDS
1. Through semen, vaginal fluid & blood.
2. Through sexual intercourse, blood transfussion @
injection & injection with contaminated needle.
3. HIV infected mother through placenta @ breastmilk.

PREVENTION:
7. Avoid illegal sex.
8. Use condoms during copulation with infected person.
9. Using only screen blood during blood transfusion.
10. Do not share needle during injection / shaving blade .
11. Educate people especially teenagers & practise good
lifestyle & follow our religion.
 APPRECIATING A HEALTHY
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

• Eats healthy food consume more

vegetables & fruits.
• Avoid Cholesterol & saturated fat
foods in daily diet.
• Regular exercise
• Stop smoking & drinking.
• Avoid obesity.