• The need for development and the

• The importance of proper managem

• Measures taken in the managemen
 The need for development and the effects of
an increasing population on the ecosystem
• Population of the world always increase, so do
their needs.
• The needs for more food supplies, water, home
has led to development.
• These development involves deforestation, the
building more dams, and production of more
domestic and industrial waste.
• The unmanaged and unplanned development
leads to a pollution of environment.
• To reduces the negative effects of developments,
human must have efforts to manage the
environment properly.
The importance of proper management
of development activities
• Way to balance the needs for resources with the
needs to conserve the natural resources.
• To make a sustainable development without
jeopardising or depleting the natural resources.
• Ensure that short-term gains be balance with the
long-term effects on the environment.
• To exploit natural resources in a sustainable
way, so these resources can be replenished and
renewed for future generations to continue to
use them.
• To minimize the negative effects of development
towards the environment.
Measures taken in the management
of development activities
1. Implementations of laws
2. Use of technology
3. Education on the management of resourc
4. Preservation and conservation of soil, wa
5. The practice of biological control
6. The use of renewable energy
7. The efficient use of energy
 Implementations of laws
• Many laws and regulations are designed to
control pollution which affects the quality of
lands, air and water. Examples of the act;
- The Environment Quality Acts, 1974, 1989
* Motor Vehicle Noise Regulations,1987
* Scheduled Wastes Treatment and
Disposal Facilities Regulations, 1989
* Clean Air Regulations, 2000 (Amendment)
- The National Forestry Act, 1984
- The Pesticides Act, 1974
- The Fisheries Act, 1985
- The Protection of Wildlife Act, 1972
 Use of technology
• Install catalytic converters in vehicle to clean up
exhaust emissions and convert harmful gases
released to less harmful gases.
• Use unleaded petrol to reduce the emissions of
leads into environment.
• Treat sewage in sewage treatment plants before it
is discharged to reduce water pollution.
• Treat toxic waste from factories before it is
discharged into the environment.
• Use microorganisms to clean up the environment.
• Develop hydrogen-based fuel-cell vehicle to
reduce the burning of fossil fuels.
Education on the management of resources
• The public must be educated on the concept of
the 4R.
• Recycle means collecting segregating waste
according to the types of materials and turning
this waste into new products.
• Reuse means use things such as old plastics
containers and bottles again instead of throwing
them away.
• Reduce means cutting down on the use of
materials which are non-biodegradable.
• Renew means to use materials such as bottles
and plastic containers after they are cleaned.
 Recycling is important because;
• Fewer landfills will be needed to
dispose of rubbish.
• It cuts down the use of resources, for
example, fewer trees will be cut down
to make furniture and paper.
• It saves energy. For example, less
energy is needed to melt down scrap
metal and use it again than to extract
it from the ore.
 Preservation and conservation
• Preservations involves efforts to protect
an ecosystem.
• Conservations involves efforts to return an
affected ecosystem to its natural
equilibrium and keep them good.
• Preservations is better than conservations.
• The efforts of conservations includes;
- Preservations of soil
- Preservations of water
- Preservations of flora and fauna of forest
- Preservations of mangrove swamps
 Preservations of soils
• Make a sustainable agricultural
development effectively.
• Good farming technique will prevent
erosion and soil depletion.
• Good agricultural practices include;
 Crop rotation
 Contour farming
 Controlled grazing
 Planting cover crops
 The appropriate use of fertilisers
 Effective drainage and irrigations
 Preservations of water
• Clean water is a precious resource and
commodity.
• As such, water sources and water
catchment areas must be preserved.
 Rivers must not be regarded as dumping
sites for domestic and toxic wastes which
can pollutes the water.
 The use of nitrates and phosphates in
agriculture must be controlled to prevent
run-offs into rivers and ponds.
Preservations of flora and fauna of rainforest

• Biologist have estimated that Malaysian rainforest

contain more than 50% of the world’s plant. 15000
of them has not studied yet.
• If deforestation proceed faster than afforestation,
many of these species could become extinct
before they can be documented.
• Important of forest;
- As a diverse storehouse of plant and animal
species which can provide useful and medicine for
mankind.
-play an important role in the regulation of
microclimate and the concentration of
atmospheric carbon dioxide.
-sites for research and education.
Example of sustainable and planned project
• Selective harvesting
- Means only mature trees are removed.
• Reforestation
- Large-scale replanting of trees where
logging activities have been carried out.
• Restoration programmes
- Restore damage habitat to preserve
natural life and wildlife.
• Forest reserves
- To prevent destruction of existing
forest.
- As a habitat for flora and fauna.
Preservations of mangrove swamps
• Rich source of biodiversity.
• Play an important role in flood control,
nutrient retention, sediment control and
the prevention of coastal erosion. Also
act as a barrier against rising sea levels.
• When area of mangrove swamps is
cleared for aquaculture and development,
many plant and animal will extinct.
• Hence, mangrove swamps must be
preserved and protected as it gives much
benefit to mankind.
 The practice of biological control
• Biological control is the use of natural predators
to control the population of pest species.
• Examples;
- the use of khaki chambel (a species of ducks)
to control the population of gold snails (siput
gondang emas) which feeds on paddy stalks.
- the use of owls to control the populations of
rats in oil palm plantations.
- th use of the hoverfly larvae to control aphids
which feed on crop plants.
•Biological control is better than using chemical
controls because;
 The use of pesticides is indiscriminates and
sometimes harmless organisms as well as the
pest species are killed.
 The effects of pesticides is persistent and
remain in the environment for long periods.
 The concentration of pesticides are amplified
as they pass through food chains
(biomagnifications).this is dangerous to the
last consumers and may effects them.
 The cost of using pesticides is high.
 The extensive use of the pesticides pollutes
the environment.
 The use of renewable energy
• Renewable energy is energy flow that occurs
naturally in the environment and can be
harnessed for the benefit of the humans.
• Renewable energy is inexhaustible and does
not pollute the air.
• Examples of renewable energy;
- Solar energy (generates electricity)
- Wind energy (to operate windmills)
- Flowing water (generate hydroelectric power)
- Wave energy (generates electricity)
- Geothermal energy (generates electricity)
- Biomass energy (produces biogas as fuel)
- Gasohol ( converted to ethanol as fuel)
- Palm oil (converted to methyl ester as fuel)
 The efficient use of energy
• Reduce the burning of coal, petroleum
and other fossil fuels.
• Substitute natural gas for coal at power
plants.
• Improve fuel efficiency in vehicles-use
cars that run on energy-efficient engines.
• Use a cleaner fuel by reducing the
content of sulphur in diesel and switching
to gas.
• Improve energy efficiency in factories.
• Use more hybrid car which combine