Group 2: O3 O4
X1 O1 X2 O2 Equivalent time-samples
design
Non-experimental Research:
Correlational Designs
The Purpose
To discover relationships between variables through the
use of correlational statistics. Involves correlating data on
two or more variables for each individual in a sample and
computing a correlation coefficient.
Two major purposes:
1-To explore causal relationships between variables;
2-To predict scores on one variable from research
participants’ scores on other variables.
Correlation Research Design
Advantages
1-Enables researchers to analyze the relationships among a large
number of variables in a single study.
2-They provide information concerning the degree of the relationship
between the variables being studied.
Parametric Test
Pearson r statistical procedure
Basic Assumptions
1-Scores form an interval or ratio scale
2-Scores are normally distributed
3-Score variances for the populations under study are equal
(SD=SD)
Scattergrams Representing Different Degrees and
Directions of Correlation between Two Variables
100 100
80 80
60 60
20
grade point
20
0
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
I.Q. age
Grade point
gpa I.Q. Computer use Age
Choosing Statistical Procedures
START
Interval Data
Relate Compare
Not Normal Normal
=SD =SD
Spearman Pearson
Correlation Correlation
Dependent Independent
2 groups >2 groups
2 groups >2 groups
Mann-Whitney
Wilcoxon Friedman
ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis
Dependent Independent
2 groups >2 groups 2 groups >2 groups