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Has many aspects:
What is Standard of Living?
3 Jhe living conditions of the people
eg
3 access to education, health care , recreation etc
3 infrastructure
3 Employment opportunities, types of employment
3 Equated with economic growth (refers to the level of wealth that the
people in the country has achieved.)

3 What is Quality of life ?

3 (refers to the well being of the people and their satisfaction with their lives
3 Characteristics of Development:
1. It is a continuous process
Jhere is no maximum growth for development
2. Jhe success and rate of development for each country is uncertain
3. Development can have positive and negative impacts
Ñ

  


Differences between core & periphery countries

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| 

- Higher concentration of 


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people and wealth - ewer jobs
- Higher standard of living - ainly agricultural activities
- ore employment opportunities -Limited services
- ore schools, shopping -oor infrastructure like
centres, roads or piped
-
etter housing water supply
-
etter transport

  

  
Core countries processed raw materials into finished
products. Sells back to periphery at higher cost

|
| 
 


| 

Developed countries - ewer jobs
-Develops because of natural - lack skills and technology
Advantage like good location   

 Jo manufacture goods.
Natural resources.
-gains reputation  
  -lose people and resources
-become dependent on core
-attracts investment or goods
-continues to grow

Raw materials are sold to core country at low prices

eople migrate to look for jobs
Ñ

  



|



 



Development may spread from the core to the
periphery
Inequalities between the two are gradually reduced.


Sometimes, the wealth and development may be
concentrated only in the core. Labour and raw
materials are drained from the periphery.
Jhis negative effect is called the backwash.
Ñ

  



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It failed to explain the rapid growth rates of some
East Asian economies like Singapore and Jaiwan.
Jhese periphery countries were colonised by core
countries and are still highly dependent on them for
trade and investment even after independence.
Yet they achieved high growth rates of about 8% to
10% annually (except between 1997 and 1998) and
a high living standard comparable with some core
countries.
 ^ 


 

Demographic
Economic Indicators: Social
Indicators: Indicators:
- population
- N per structure - access to
capita water and
- life expectancy sanitation
-Employment - infant mortality
Structure - adult
rate literacy
- rban rate
population


 ^ 



3 N = A + (
± C)

3 A =total value of goods & services produced

by citizens
3 and non citizens in the country
3
= income earned by citizens working
overseas
3 C =income earned by non-citizens working in
the country


 ^ 



3 As the N is affected by size of the population, a

better way to ensure accuracy is to use an average
figure.
3 N is divided by total population

eg. N = N per capita

Jotal op
3 Jhe general guidelines to classify economies are:

S $10 726 & above- high income economies

S $876-10 725 ± middle income economies
S 875 & below ± low income economies
 

rimary Industries:
3 

 
 ! !"
 

 #

  
 


$
3 $
3 
  involves growing crops and rearing animals, providing food
3    and %

  involves extracting raw materials - oil and coal,
3    involves catching sea life.
Secondary Industries:
3 
 

 (from the primary sector), such as refining oil into petrol.
3 
 - making products from raw materials (such as cars.
3 | 
  - for example, using raw materials, such as wood and stone, to build houses.
3 "  - making clothing products from raw materials, such as wood, or man-made
materials, such as plastics.
Jertiary sector
3 &
3 ' is selling goods produced by the secondary sector in shops.
3  
 is providing services to people who are travelling for fun.
3   is teaching people new skills in schools and colleges.
3
  is providing services to ill people.
3   is providing financial services, such as lending people money and helping them
invest their money.


ë



 Ñ 



  
 


‡ Farming mechanised
‡ High primary (farming)
‡ Automation of manufacturing
‡ Little mechanisation on or transfer of manufacturing
farms (low technology) to NICs

‡ Little manufacturing ‡ Very strong tertiary sector

with large numbers
‡ In early stages of economic employed in health,
development education and tourism
‡ Growth of jobs in the
‡ Informal service sector in knowledge economy based
the cities is quite strong on the processing of
knowledge and information
using telecommunications
 


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3 opulation Structure (by age groups)

3 Life Expectancy
3 Infant ortality
3 rban opulation
uemographic Indicators: Population Structure
We can interpret a population pyramid by looking at:
G$  

 
- Jhis shows the proportion of young people (aged 15 yrs
and below).
- It tells us about the birth rate of the country.
- It tells us about the rate of population growth.
0$ 

 
- Jhis shows the proportion of elderly (aged 60 yrs and
above).
- It tells us about the life expectancy of the population.
- If this proportion is small, this means people do not live
long.
- Death rate is likely to be high. It shows a developing
country
 uemographic Indicators: Population Structure

In -|# In -|#
- dependent young is small - dependent young is large
- dependent aged is larger - dependent aged is small
-

 

- Jhe 3 bars at the base of the pyramid are the longest in the
graph. Jhey represent the number of people below 14 years of
age. Jhese 3 bars make up almost half the population.
- Jhis country has a young population. It shows high birth rate and
a rapidly growing population. It is likely to be !


 $
- Jhis is a !
 
.
 uemographic Indicators: Population Structure

 
1

Look at the peak of the pyramid.

- Jhe bars are short, especially aged 60 and above. All these bars add up
to a  

   

  $
- Jhis tells us that the people do not live long.  "
  
 
  . Jhere are few elderly in the country. Jhe medical and
healthcare services may not be adequate.
- Jhis is characteristic of a !
 
$
uemographic Indicators: Population Structure

    
 !


  

Jhe middle portion shows the working population, aged 19 to 60. Jhis
group contributes to the economy and helps to support the young and
aged.
- In this diagram, this group makes up slightly less than half the total
population.
- Jhis tells us that the burden on this group is high. -

'   $
- Jhis is characteristic of a !
 
$
uemographic Indicators: Life Expectancy

3 It refers to the average number of years that a

person can expect to live in a particular
country.

å


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‡ inadequate health
‡ better health care
facilities
‡ more accessible
‡ few doctors, clinics
health facilities
‡ poor hygiene &
(enough clinics,
sanitation
doctors, hospitals)
‡ people can afford
better diets
uemographic Indicators: Fertility Rates
3 Refers to number of live births a year per 1000 women
between ages of 15 to 44.
ë

 Fertility rates
Why?
‡ lack knowledge of birth
control
‡ sees children as assets
on their farms and work
‡ cultural /traditional
thinking eg preference for
males
Ñ

ë Fertility Rate
Why?
‡ higher education, more
concerned with careers
‡ knowledge of
contraception and birth
control
‡ aware of advantages of
small families
 uemographic Indicators: Infant Mortality Rate

3 Refers to the rate at which babies less than 1

years old dies, for every 1000live births, in a year
ë

(Ethiopia - 100 per 1000 live
births)
  Ñ
 ë  

Why?
å


‡ war & political instability
‡ drought
‡ famine and starvation
‡ poor diet & nutrition
‡ no access to medical
care (doctors, hospitals)
Ñ

(Singapore - 2 per
1000 live births)
Why?
å


‡ good health care system
‡ good diet & nutrition
good std of hygiene &
clean water
‡ high income - can
afford proper health care
 uemographic Indicators: Urban Population

3 Jhis refers to the percentage living in an urban area.

-|
 
% living in cities

% living in cities
Why?
- less resources for city
infrastructure.
- more people engaged in
primary industries
which are in rural areas.
-|
Why?
-have the financial resources to
develop cities with modern
infrastructure.
- a large proportion of the people are
engaged in secondary & tertiary
industries which are located there.
- have the technology to build facilities
like roads, hospitals, housing,
skyscrapers
Urban Population - Recent Changes

Urban population no longer accurate. Why?

3 Trend of counter-urbanisation (urban population
relocating to suburbs because of increasing congestion
and pollution).
3 Quality of life in cities is
not necessarily better
than rural areas. More
people migrating to
cities have resulted in
poor housing conditions
like slums and squatters
(cramped, makeshift
houses, no water and
electricity, dirty). .
 !     
    #
2
Social Indicator: Access to Clean Water

‡ Early deaths have been caused by contaminated

water and infectious diseases caused by poor
sanitation.
ë
 Ñ

ë 


   


  

‡uue to the lack of new ‡Have new technology like

advance technology to treat
water.
‡Lack of water system to
connect the whole country with
a efficient water network. They
have to walk long distance to
collect water.
reverse osmosis to help treat
waste water into portable
water.
‡Good network of water pipes
to bring water to everyone.
Social Indicators: Adult Literacy Rate

3 This refers to the percentage of population aged 15 and

above who can read, write and understand simple
statements.

ë

ë  literacy rate.
Why?
‡ not enough schools.
‡ parents cannot afford to pay for
schooling.
‡ children needed on farms.
‡ social customs such as
restricting females from
attending schools.
Ñ

  literacy rate.
Why?
‡ government has financial
resources to invest in education.
‡ government builds schools,
trains teachers, subsidizes cost
of education.
‡ people can afford to send
children to schools.
Immeasurable Aspects of uevelopment

3 While economic , demographic and social

3 indicators can be measured in numbers and
3 figures, other indicators of development
cannot,
3 such as:
3 safe working conditions
3 freedom to choose jobs, practice religion
3 freedom of speech and movement
3 freedom from violence, oppression
3 sense of satisfaction and belonging etc.
How is overall development measured?

3   
  
3 It combines 3 important indicators:
3 ë    !  "
3 

    !

 "
3 ë   !   "

The average scores of the 3 indicators are

calculated and compared.
The index considers economic wealth as well as
quality of life (education and health).
The Human uevelopment Index

3 ë 
  

 
 !"
Generally a higher GuP per capita leads to a
higher HuI value. However, it is only an
average figure. It does not show the
distribution of wealth in the country.
For instance, the GuP per capita of Canada is
the lowest but its HuI is ranked 2nd. This
suggests that a rich country may distribute
its wealth fairly to improve the quality of life
for all the people in that country.
The Human uevelopment Index

3 ë 
  

 
 !"!#"
It is only accurate if data can be obtained.
For example, in places where the majority of
the economy relies on informal trading,
income is only an estimate.
On the other hand, some countries may not
be as wealthy but the level of human
development may be higher.