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m m § Definition: § 1) Internal drive to satisfy an unsatisfied need § 2) Stimulus of behavior m
§ îontent Theories: focus on the internal needs and desires
that initiate, sustain and eventually terminate behavior. § WHAT motivates someone
§ Process Theories: seek to explain HOW behavior is initiated,
sustained and terminated î
§ maslow·s Hierarchy of Need
§ Alderfer·s ERG Theory
§ Herzberg·s 2-Factor Theory
§ mcîlelland·s Learned Needs Theory
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§ Stresses two fundamental premises:
§ Human beings are wanting creatures whose needs depend on
what they don·t have. (You need what you DON·T already have)
§ Peoples· needs are arranged in a hierarchy
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§ £th level: Self realization and fulfillment § 4th level: Esteem and Status § 3rd level: Affection and social activity § 2nd level: Safety and security § 1st level: Basic physiological needs à
§ Only 3 levels to the hierarchy: 1. Existence needs: material and physical needs 2. Relatedness needs: all needs that involve other people 3. Growth needs: all needs involving creative efforts and/or productive contributions
§ Starts with the questions of what satisfies and dissatisfies
people about their work § Assumes the answers to those questions are key to understanding motivation § Job Satisfaction consists of two separate and independent dimensions: § Satisfiers or motivators § Dissatisfiers or maintenance factors 6 m
§ Presence is not motivational. Absences causes dissatisfaction § Policies § Salary § Interpersonal relationships § Job security § Work conditions § Status § Technical supervision § Personal life ? m
§ Not unhappy if they are absent; willing to work to get them § Achievement § Recognition § Advancement § The work itself § Possibility of growth § Responsibility mî
§ People learn their needs through life experience
§ 3 sets of needs: § Need for Achievement: need to excel § Need for Power: need to control or influence others § Need for Affiliation: need to associate with others. Form interpersonal relationships J
§ Focus on how individuals·
expectations and preferences for outcomes associated with their performance actually influence performance. ÿ !"
§ ÿroom theorized that people are not only driven by their needs, but they make choices about what they will and will not do to fulfill their needs based on 3 conditions: ÿ î § Person must believe that effort to perform at a particular level will make the desired performance or behavior more likely § Desired performance or behavior must lead to some concrete outcome or reward § Person must value the outcome