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Presented By:-
Manish Verma
4th yr. VII Sem.
Computer Science Depart.
Jodhpur Inst. Of Engg. & Tech
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rn image is ÷
 ÷ to convert it to a form which can

be stored in a computer's memory or on some form of
storage media such as a hard disk or CD-ROM.

This digitization procedure can be done by a scanner,

or by a video camera connected to a 
 
÷
in a computer.

Once the image has been digitized, it can be operated

upon by various image processing operations.
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me will restrict ourselves to 
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although most of the concepts and
techniques that are to be described can be extended
easily to three or more dimensions.
rn image defined in the " 
÷" is considered to
be a function of two real variables, for example,  with
 as the  ÷ 
 
  of the image at the
real coordinate position 
rn image may be considered to contain sub-images
sometimes referred to as 


 , ROI·s, or
simply 

.
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Image processing operations can be
roughly divided into three major categories:

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^

 ÷  

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involves reducing the amount of
memory needed to store a digital image.

Image defects which could be caused by the

digitization process or by faults in the imaging set-up (for
example, bad lighting) can be corrected using p

    techniques.

Once the image is in good condition, the

  
operations can be used to obtain
useful information from the image.
 
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r digital image a[m,n] described in a  ÷ 
 is derived from an analog image (,) in a 

 
  through a sampling process that is
frequently referred to as ÷
 


The  continuous image a(x,y) is divided into ! 


and 
 .

The 
of a 
 and a 
 is termed a
pixel.

The value assigned to the integer coordinates [, ]

with { = 0,1,2,..., -1} and { = 0,1,2,...,!-1} is [, ] .
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There are standard values for the various parameters
encountered in digital image processing.

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# $
Rows N 256,512,525,625,1024,1035
Columns M 256,512,768,1024,1320
Gray Levels L 2,64,256,1024,4096,16384

% ! % & where '& % ()*+,

The number of distinct
 $ is usually a 



, that is, - % . where . is the number of bits in the binary
representation of the brightness levels.
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The image has been divided into ! = 16 rows and

= 16 columns. The value assigned to every pixel is the
average brightness in the pixel rounded to the nearest integer
value.

The process of representing the amplitude of the 2D

signal at a given coordinate as an integer value with -
different gray levels is usually referred to as amplitude
quantization or simply /  
.
 Gray
Scale

24 Bit
Binary
Colour
Types
Of
Images

8 Bit
Colour
Colour
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÷ 
 usually contain departures from the
÷ 
 Such departures are referred to as
.

!
 arises as a result of unmodelled or unmodellable
processes going on in the production and capture of the real
signal.

!
 can generally be grouped into two classes:
 ÷ ÷ 


    ÷ ÷ 
 
 ÷.
 

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^ 

/  
is applied when the color
information of an image is to be reduced. The
most common case is when a 24-bit color
image is transformed into a 8-bit color image.
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#
0

The 


 to transform an input
image 1 2 into an output image 1 2 can be
classified into three categories:
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3 
 $      

÷   ÷ ÷ 


  $    

÷ 

^ -
3 
 $  ÷ ÷ 
  $ 




÷
   

÷ 

^ 4
3 
 $  ÷ ÷ 
  $ 
 

 
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÷
The images can be sampled to the various
neighborhoods
^ Rectangular Sampling: Images are sampled by
laying a rectangular grid over an image
^ Hexagonal Sampling:


 



 
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÷ (
÷ 6
÷
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original image sampled by a factor of 2

sampled by a factor of 4 sampled by a factor of 8

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The  

 of an image represents the relative
frequency of occurrence of the various
 $ in the
image.
r black and white image is represented by a two-
dimensional array of numbers (or matrix), x(m,n), with values
ranging from 0 to 255.
r 7   assumes the value  %+ while a  
  assumes the value  %88. rll other levels in
between are assigned linearly to contrasts between the black
and white extremes.
The vertical lines in the histogram indicate how many
pixels in an image assume a particular gray level.
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In the histogram of the white and black image we see

that its pixels assume gray levels that are concentrated in a
interval

The histogram displays the overall range of the image,

allowing you to determine the distribution of light and dark
tones.
  

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M
$  
is si l t tic l r ti ic is
f t lt yc i g r c ssi g r t rs.

M
$  
r vi s y f ` lti lyi g t g t r' t

rr ys f rs (g r lly f iff r t siz s, t f t
s i si lity), t r c t ir rr y f rs f
t s i si lity.

T is c s i i g r c ssi g t i l t
r t rs s t t ix l v l s r si l li r
c i ti s f c rt i i t ix l v l s.
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1-D FOURIER TRrNSFORM

Continuous:
^ For a continuous function of one variable f(t),
the Fourier Transform F(f) will be defined as:

^ and the inverse transform as

^ where j is the square root of -1 and e denotes

the natural exponent
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^ In the most general situation a 2 dimensional

transform takes a complex array. The most
common application is for image processing
where each value in the array represents to a
pixel, therefore the real value is the pixel value
and the imaginary value is 0.
^ 2 dimensional Fourier transforms simply
involve a number of 1 dimensional fourier
transforms.
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In image processing filters are mainly used to

suppress:

- high frequencies in the image

(i.e. smoothing the image)
- low frequencies
(i.e. enhancing or detecting edges in the
image)

rn image can be filtered either in the frequency

or in the spatial domain.
 L
ss
Filter

dge
High
etecti
Types Of Filters B st
n
Filter
Filter

Me n
rnd
Medi
n Filter
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Remove high spatial frequency noise from a digital image.
 
pp
o Replaces each pixel value by the median of its
neighbors. (i.e. the value such that 50% of the
values in the neighborhood are above, and
50% are below. )
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÷
 are places in the image with strong intensity

contrast.
÷
 often occur at image locations representing object
boundaries.
÷
 ÷
is extensively used in image
segmentation when we want to divide the image into areas
corresponding to different objects.
÷
 consist of mainly high frequencies.
For the ÷
 ÷
we can applying a highpass
frequency filter in the Fourier domain or convoluting the
image with an appropriate kernel in the spatial domain.
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