Colegio de San Juan de

Letran
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

ME064 Materials of Engineering and Testing

3ME1
 TITANIUM
Presented by:
Layog, John Robin M.

Instructor:
Engr. Ricardo M. Bobadilla, PhD
 BASIC FACTS
o Symbol of Element : Ti 
o Atomic Number: 22
o Group: 4
o Period: 4
o Series: Transition Metals
o Atomic Mass: 47.867 g/mol
o Density @ 293 K: 4.54 g/cm3
o Color of Titanium : lustrous white
o Crystal Structure: Hexagonal
o Atomic Volume: 10.64cm3/mol
o Electron Configuration:1s2 2s2p6 3s2p6d2 4s2
o Valence Electrons: 3d2 4s2
 BRIEF HISTORY
o Titanium is came from Latin word that refers to the
Titans, the first sons of the earth in Mythology.
o It was discovered in ilmenite by Reverend William
Gregor in 1791 in England.
o Then rediscovered  in rutile ore in 1795 by the German
chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth.
o Pure metallic titanium (99.9%) was first prepared in
1910 by Matthew A. Hunter.
o In the 1950s and 1960s the Soviet Union pioneered the
use of titanium in military and submarine applications .
o It is the ninth most abundant element in the earth's
crust and is also found in meteorites and in the sun. It
is found in the ash of coal, in plants and even in the
human body.

Notable Occurrence inclludes:

o Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein
o Martin Heinrich Klaproth
o William Justin Kroll
o Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer
 TITANIUM MINERALS
RUTILE is a mineral composed primarily ILMENITE is a crystalline iron
of titanium dioxide, TiO2. (Contains 95% titanium oxide (FeTiO ). (Contains
3
TiO2) 52.65%TiO2 and 47.35%FeO)
59.94% Ti 31.56% Ti
40.06% O 31.63% O
36.81% Fe
o Aenigmatite o Euxenite o Sabinaite
o Aeschynite-(Y) o Haggertyite o Schreyerite
o Alluaivite o Heavy mineral sands ore o Sphene(CaTi-SiO5)
deposits o Titanite
o Alsakharovite-Zn
o Keilhauite o Titanowodginite
o Altisite
o Lorenzenite o Warwickite
o Anatase
o Loveringite o Zimbabweite
o Armalcolite
o Nabalamprophyllite o Zirconolite
o Betafite
o Nenadkevichite o Zircophyllite
o Brookite
o Pabstite o Zirkelite
o Cafetite
o Perovskite (CaTi-SiO5) o Zorite
o Cleusonite
o Polycrase
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
o Electrochemical Equivalent: 0.4468g/amp-hr
o Electron Work Function: 4.33eV
o Electronegativity: 1.54 (Pauling); 1.32 (Allrod Rochow)
o Heat of Fusion: 15.45kJ/mol
o Incompatibilities:Ionization Potential
First: 6.82
Second: 13.58
Third: 27.491
o Valence Electron Potential (-eV): 95.2
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
o Description: Pure titanium is a lustrous white metal, as strong as steel,
45% lighter than steel and 60% heavier than aluminum.
o Atomic Mass Average: 47.88
o Boiling Point: 3560K 3287°C 5949°F
o Melting Point: 1941 K, 1668 °C, 3034 °F
o Coefficient of lineal thermal expansion/K: 8.35E-6
o Conductivity
Electrical: 0.0234x106 cm Ω
Thermal: 0.219 W/cm K
o Density: 4.54g/cc @ 300K
o Elastic Modulus:
o Bulk: 108.4 GPa
o Rigidity: 45.6 GPa
o Youngs: 120.2 GPa
o Physical State (at 20°C & 1atm): Solid
o Enthalpy of Atomization: 468.6 kJ/mole @ 25°C
o Enthalpy of Fusion: 15.48 kJ/mole
o Enthalpy of Vaporization: 429 kJ/mole
o Hardness Scale
Brinell: 716 MPa
Mohs: 6
Vickers: 970 MPa
o Heat of Vaporization: 421kJ/mol
o Molar Volume: 10.64 cm3/mole
o Specific Heat: 0.52J/g K
o Vapor Pressure = 0.49Pa@1660°C
 EXTRACTION
Distillation/
Chlorination Purification

Reduction/ Vacuum
separation

Crushing, sizing
Electrolysis and packing

Melting
CHLORINATION

o TiO2 + C +2Cl2 = TiCl4 + CO2

o Chlorine and carbon are combined with the

rutile to produce titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4)
at high temperatures (1,000°C to 1,100°C).
o This reaction separates the oxygen from the
titanium, which then bonds with the chlorine,
producing dark brown crude titanium
tetrachloride.
DISTILLATION/ PURIFICATION
o Crude titanium tetrachloride is then purified
by continuous distillation in a distillation
column to obtain refined titanium
tetrachloride with purity of at least 99.9% and
now colorless and transparent.
REDUCTION/ VACUUM DISTILLATION
o TiCl4 +2Mg = Ti +2MgCl2
o Pure titanium tetrachloride is reacted in a stainless steel
reactor with magnesium metal heated to 900℃.
o The titanium tetrachloride is reduced by the magnesium to
produce the sponge.
o Magnesium chloride is extracted at regular intervals
during the reaction by the application of pressure.
o After the reaction has completed, the magnesium chloride
and magnesium included in the lump of titanium sponge
are eliminated by high temperature vacuum extraction
(vacuum separation process), to leave the titanium sponge.
TITANIUM SPONGE
o The titanium solid is removed from
the reactor by boring and then
treated with water and
hydrochloric acid to remove excess
magnesium and magnesium
chloride. The resulting solid is a
porous metal called a sponge.
ELECTROLYSIS

o MgCl2  Mg2+ + 2Cl- (Electrolysis)

o The magnesium chloride extracted during the
reaction is subjected to electrolysis to
decompose into chlorine and magnesium. The
chlorine is returned to the chlorination and
distillation process, and the magnesium is
returned to the reduction and vacuum
separation process for re-use.
CRUSHING, SIZING AND PACKING PROCESS
o After reduction and separation, the
titanium sponge is crushed by first
shearing into large lumps and then
into smaller pieces using shears and
crushers.
o Levels of minor components differ
from piece to piece, so the pieces are
mixed together in a blender to
produce a uniform quality, then
distributed evenly into drum cans
using a splitter.
MELTING
Titanium ingot manufacturing process (first melt)
o The manufacture of titanium ingots starts by forming the
titanium sponge and titanium scrap into compacts using a
press. These are joined together by plasma arc welding to
make the consumable electrode, which goes through an arc
melting in a vacuum or inert atmosphere to become the first
melt ingot.
Titanium ingot manufacturing process (second melt)
o To ensure even quality, the first melt ingots are used as
electrodes and remelted. After quality control checks, the
second melt ingots produced are shipped as final products.
TITANIUM INGOT
o Properties of titanium ingot
o Pure titanium or titanium alloy ingots are
made by melting titanium sponge, with the
addition of the alloying elements in the case of
titanium alloys. Since titanium reacts readily
with oxygen, nitrogen and carbon, the melting
process is performed in a vacuum or inert
atmosphere.
Water-cooled copper is used for the crucible.
 TITANIUM ALLOYS
CHARACTERISTICS OF TITANIUM ALLOYS
o Outstanding corrosion resistance
o Excellent erosion resistance
o High heat transfer capability
o Superior strength-to-weight ratios
o Non-magnetic character
o Fire resistance
o Short radioactive half life
TYPES OF TITANIUM ALLOY

o Alpha Titanium Alloy

o Alpha Beta Titanium Alloy
o Beta Titanium Alloy
Alpha Titanium Alloy
o Commercially pure titanium and alpha alloys of titanium
are non-heat treatable  and are generally very weldable .
o They have:
·     Low to medium strength
·      Good notch toughness
·      Reasonably good ductility
·      Excellent mechanical properties at cryogenic temperatures
o Possess the highest corrosion resistance.
o More highly alloyed near-alpha alloys offer optimum
high temperature creep strength and oxidation resistance.
Alpha Beta Titanium Alloy
o Alpha Beta alloys are heat treatable and most are
weldable.
o Typical properties include:
·  Strength levels are medium to high
·  High temperature creep strength is not as good as most alpha alloys
·  Cold forming may be limited but hot forming qualities are normally
good
·  Many alloys can be super plastically formed
o The most commonly used alpha beta alloy is Ti6Al4V.
Beta Titanium Alloy
o Beta or near beta alloys are:
·  Fully heat treatable
·  Generally weldable
·  Capable of high strengths
·  Possess good creep resistance up to intermediate temperatures
·  Excellent formability can be expected in the beta alloys in the
solution treated condition
o Have good combinations of properties in sheet, as
fasteners and are ideal for sporing applications. Some
alloys offer uniform property levels through heavy
sections.
 TITANIUM GRADES
o Grade 1-4 are unalloyed and considered commercially
pure or "CP".
o Grade 5, also known as Ti6Al4V, Ti-6Al-4V or Ti 6-4, is
the most commonly used alloy. It has a chemical
composition of 6% aluminum, 4% vanadium, 0.25%
(maximum) iron, 0.2% (maximum) oxygen, and the
remainder titanium.
o Grade 6 contains 5% aluminum and 2.5% tin. It is also
known as Ti-5Al-2.5Sn.
o Grade 7 contains 0.12 to 0.25% palladium. This grade is
similar to Grade 2.
o Grade 7H contains 0.12 to 0.25% palladium.
o Grade 9 contains 3.0% aluminum and 2.5% vanadium.
o Grade 11 contains 0.12 to 0.25% palladium.
o Grade 12 contains 0.3% molybdenum and 0.8% nickel.
o Grades 13, 14, and 15 all contain 0.5% nickel and
0.05% ruthenium.
o Grade 16 contains 0.04 to 0.08% palladium.
o Grade 16H contains 0.04 to 0.08% palladium.
o Grade 17 contains 0.04 to 0.08% palladium.
o Grade 18 contains 3% aluminum, 2.5% vanadium and 0.04 to
0.08% palladium. This grade is identical to Grade 9 in terms
of mechanical characteristics.
o Grade 19 contains 3% aluminum, 8% vanadium, 6%
chromium, 4% zirconium, and 4% molybdenum.
o Grade 20 contains 3% aluminum, 8% vanadium, 6%
chromium, 4% zirconium, 4% molybdenum and 0.04% to
0.08% palladium.
o Grade 21 contains 15% molybdenum, 3% aluminum,
2.7% niobium, and 0.25% silicon.
o Grade 23 contains 6% aluminum, 4% vanadium, 0.13%
(maximum) Oxygen.
o Grade 24 contains 6% aluminum, 4% vanadium and 0.04% to
0.08% palladium.
o Grade 25 contains 6% aluminum, 4% vanadium and 0.3% to
0.8% nickel and 0.04% to 0.08% palladium.
o Grades 26, 26H, and 27 all contain 0.08 to 0.14% ruthenium.
o Grade 28 contains 3% aluminum, 2.5% vanadium and 0.08 to
0.14% ruthenium.
o Grade 29 contains 6% aluminum, 4% vanadium and 0.08 to
0.14% ruthenium.
o Grades 30 and 31 contain 0.3% cobalt and 0.05% palladium.
o Grade 32 contains 5% aluminum, 1% tin, 1% zirconium, 1%
vanadium, and 0.8% molybdenum.
o Grades 33 and 34 contain 0.4% nickel, 0.015% palladium,
0.025% ruthenium, and 0.15% chromium.
o Grade 35 contains 4.5% aluminum, 2% molybdenum, 1.6%
vanadium, 0.5% iron, and 0.3% silicon.
o Grade 36 contains 45% niobium.
o Grade 37 contains 1.5% aluminum.
o Grade 38 contains 4% aluminum, 2.5% vanadium, and 1.5%
iron. This grade was developed in the 1990s for use as an
armor plating.
TITANIUM COMPOUNDS
o Caesium titanate
o Iron(II) titanate
o Lead titanate
o Niobium-titanium
o Potassium titanyl phosphate o
o Solvothermal synthesis
o Tetrakis(dimethylamido)titani o
um
o Titanate
o Titanium dioxide
o Titanium tetraiodide
o Titanium aluminium nitride
o Titanium carbide
o Template:Titanium
compounds
Titanium diboride
o Titanium disilicide
Titanium hydride
o Titanium isopropoxide
o Titanium nitride
o Titanium tetrabromide
o Titanium tetrachloride
o Titanium yellow
o Titanium(II) chloride
o Titanium(II) oxide
o Titanium(II) sulfide
o Titanium(III) chloride
o Titanium(III) fluoride
o Titanium(III) oxide
o Titanium(III) phosphide
o Titanium(IV) fluoride
o Zinc titanate
 APPLICATIONS
o In jewelry, titanium is used to produce small artificial gemstones,
which are relatively softer than the other gemstones.
o Titanium tetrachloride is used for sky writing, owing to its
capability of producing thick fumes in moist air.
o In the field of medicine, titanium is used to make pace-makers,
artificial replacements for hip and knee joints as well as bone plates
and screws.
o The strength of this metal along with its ability to resist saline water
makes it an immensely popular component of marine engineering
o Due to its opaque nature, industrial titanium uses, mostly range in
between domestic and artistic applications, such as ultrasonic
welding and wave soldering.
o Alloys of titanium are used in eyeglass frames, to make it
highly resistant and long lasting.
o Titanium dioxide, one of the most important compound of
titanium, is predominantly used in manufacturing of white
paint.
o In sports, titanium is used to make golf clubs.
o Titanium is also used to build cars and bikes in racing, as it
provides strength and durability without increasing the weight
of the machine.
o This chemical element is also used in desalination plant,
wherein saline water is converted to fresh water.
o The latest entry, in the long list of titanium uses is the
introduction of titanium cookware and metal art, which is
gaining wide popularity in society with time.
THE END