Ergonomics

Adjusting your workstation to fit your body

What is ergonomics?

Ergon= “work”
Nomos= “rules” or “laws”

Ergonomics literally means

“the laws of work”
What is ergonomics?

Osha defines ergonomics as the science of “designing the

job to fit the worker, instead of forcing the worker to fit the
job.”

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What is ergonomics?

Ergonomic as the application of the human biological

sciences in conjunction with the engineering sciences to
the worker and his working environment so as to obtain
maximum satisfaction for the worker which at the same
time enhances productivity (ILO)

• CONFORT
TUJUAN • HEALTH
• PRODUCTIVITY

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What is ergonomics?

Ergonomic is the
application of human
Ergonomic is the
sciences to the
science of making the
optimization of
job fit the worker
people’s working
environment
Ideally, ergonomics:

Makes the job safer

by preventing
injury and illness

Makes the job

easier by adjusting
Saves money $$$
the job to the
worker

Makes the job more

pleasant by
reducing physical
and mental stress
Tujuan ergonomics?

Minimisasi risiko
Terciptanya
Tercapainya kesehatan
sistem kerja
efisiensi kerja karena cara
yang aman
kerja yang salah

Terciptanya Meningkatnya
kenyamanan produktifitas
kerja kerja
Disiplin ilmu yang terkait

1. Anatomy
2. Physiology
3. Psychology
4. Sociology
5. Physics
6. Engineering
7. Dll
Klasifikasi ergonomi

Physical Cognitive
Macroergonomics
ergonomics ergonomics

Antropometrik Biomekanik

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Physical ergonomics

• Antropometrik
• Aplikasi metode pengukuran terhadap ukuran-ukuran dan dimensi
tubuh manusia yang berhubungan dengan gerakan-gerakan yang
dilakukan oleh manusa

• Tujuan
• Untuk memperoleh data ukuran tubuh manusia yang
menjelaskan tentang karakteristik tubuh manusia seperti : berat
badan, tinggi badan, jangkauan, sudut posisi kerja yang aman, dll
• Untuk memberikan informasi yang dapat digunakan dalam
membuat disain kerja, peralatan kerja yang aman, nyaman,
efisien, dan sehat

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Physical ergonomics

• Antropometrik

Statik atau struktural Dinamik atau fungsional

• Berat badan (weight) • Jangkauan (reach)

• Tinggi badan (stature) • Clearance
• Tinggi mata (eye height) • Pergerakan sendi (range of
• Tinggi siku (elbow height) join movement)
• Panjang (length) • Kekuatan (strenght)
• Lebar (breadth)
• Tebal (depth)

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Physical ergonomics

• Biomekanik
• Aspek biomekanik lebih ditekankan pada aspek konsusmsi energi
yang dibutuhkan seseorang dalam melakukan suatu pekerjaan
 Disain kerja
 Kapasitas kerja (kapasitas fisik)
 Efisiensi kerja
 Kelelahan
 Produktifitas

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Cognitive ergonomics

• Bagaimana orang secara mental (cognitive) merupakan

bagian dari sistem kerja
• Bagaimana mendisain suatu sistem kerja untuk mendukung
fungsi mental yang optimal
• Human performance theory
• Engineering psychology
• Behavioral decision theory

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Macro ergonomics

• Bagaimana organisasi lebih memperhatikan sistem

hubungan atau interaksi antara manusia dengan mesin
• Faktor apa yang mungkin berperan jika seseorang bekerja
dalam group atau kelompok
 System theory
 Organizational psychology

HUMAN-ORGANIZATION-ENVIRONMENT-
MACHINE INTERFACE TECHNOLOGY
Ergonomic factors

Two categories of ergonomic factors

Environmental Physical
Environmental factors

 Environmental factors may affect:

• Hearing
• Vision
• General comfort and health

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Environmental factors

Some examples of ergonomic environmental problems

are:

Sick building Excessive

syndrome noise

Improper Temperature
lighting extremes

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Physical stressors

Physical stressors place pressure or stress on

parts of the body:
• Joints, muscles, nerves, tendons, bones

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Physical stressors

• Sometimes these injuries are referred to as “cumulative

trauma disorders” (CTDS) or “repetitive strain injuries”
(RSIS)

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Cumulative trauma disorders (ctds)

Cumulative = occurring gradually over a period of

weeks, months, or years

Trauma = bodily injury to nerves, tissues, tendons,

or joints

Disorders = physical ailments or abnormal conditions

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Cumulative trauma disorders

Examples of cumulative trauma disorders

include:
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Epicondylitis
Tenosynovitis
Bursitis

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Carpal tunnel syndrome
The condition occurs when one of the major nerves
to the hand — the median nerve — is squeezed
or compressed as it travels through the wrist.

Epicondylitis
It is caused by repetitive motion.
In athletes, it is linked to poor technique

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Tenosynovitis
It is usually caused by
trauma, but bacteria can spread from
other sites of the body

Bursitis
are fluid-filled sacs that act as a
cushion between bones,
tendons, joints, and muscles
Risk factors
The main
Another risk
risk factors
factor for
for office-
ctds would
related ctds
be:
are: Vibration
Repetition

Awkward
positions or
posture

Excessive
pressure or
force
Risk factors: repetition

The majority of ctds are caused by repetitive motions that

would not result in injury if only performed once.
• Thousands of keystrokes typing
• Hours of filing, day after day
• Stamping dozens of papers
• Frequent lifting
• Repeated motions with computer mouse
Risk factors : awkward positions

• Leaning forward at your desk

• Typing with wrists at an odd angle
• Raising shoulders while typing
• Reaching to use mouse
• Twisting neck to look at monitor or phone
• Lifting objects from below waist or above
shoulders
 Risk factors: excessive force
• Stamping
• Lifting heavy boxes of paper or
carrying office equipment
• Using improper grip
But the good news is....
There are simple ways to help yourself!
Prevention strategies

The elbows should be at a comfortable angle while "hanging" at

the sides from the shoulders.
The shoulders should remain relaxed in a lowered position while
typing.
 Prevention strategies
Avoid leaning forward at your desk
• Maintain natural “s” curve of your
spine
• Support lower back
• Keep feet supported on floor or use
a foot rest

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 Prevention strategies
Avoid typing with wrists at an odd
angles…
• Keep them in the neutral position, not bent up or
down, or side-to-side

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Prevention strategies

 The keyboard should be slightly lower than normal desk

height.
• If it is not low enough, try raising your chair height. Prevent your
legs from dangling by using a footrest.

 Adjust your chair!

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Prevention strategies

 Use two hands to perform double key operations

like ctrl-c or alt-f instead of twisting one hand to
do it.
 Position frequently used equipment so that you
don’t have to reach for it.
Prevention strategies

 Place monitor in front of you, not off at an angle.

 Take lots of breaks to stretch and relax.
 Hold the mouse lightly.

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Prevention strategies

Pay attention to the signals your body provides you.

If your neck hurts at work, examine your body position to try to figure
out what might be causing the soreness. Are you holding your neck at
an awkward angle while you type or talk on the phone?

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Prevention strategies

If you are experiencing symptoms of ctds…

• Tingling or numbness in the hands or fingers
• Pain in fingers, hands wrists, or even shooting up into the
arms or forearms
• Loss of strength or coordination in the hands
• Numbness or discomfort in the hands that wakes you up
at night.... See a doctor!

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But what about headaches?

Many office-related headaches are caused by eyestrain.

• Dry eyes
• Monitor glare
• Tired/strained eye muscles

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Eyestrain

Position monitor at a comfortable distance

Avoid glare
Adjust vdt brightness and contrast
Keep screen clear of dust

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Ergonomic products

There are a variety of ergonomic products available

on the market, including:
• Keyboards
• Wrist rests
• Mouse pads
• Chairs
• Adjustable desks
• Glare screens

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See you at final exam…