SISTEM

RESPIRASI
Assistants of Physiology
Physiology Department
Medical Faculty, Hasanuddin University
Tujuan Pernapasan
Menyediakan oksigen
bagi seluruh jaringan
tubuh dan membuang
karbon dioksida ke
atmosfir.
Menghasilkan energi
 Ventilasi paru, yaitu masuk keluarnya udara dari
Atmosfir ke alveoli paru
 Difusi pertukaran oksigen dan karbondioksida antara
darah dan alveoli
 Transpor 02 dan CO2 dalam darah dan cairan tubuh ke
dan dari sel
 Perfusi pertukaran oksigen dan karbondioksida antara
darah dan sel-sel tubuh
 Pengaturan ventilasi dan hal-hal lain pernapasan
 Eksternal

Respiration

Internal
Eksternal

1. Inspiration
Ventilation
Diffusion
Perfusion

2. Expiration
Jalur Udara Pernafasan
Zona Konduksi
Zona Respiratoris
Mekanisme Ventilasi Paru
Hukum gas (Boyle’s Law)

P1V1 = P2V2

Pergerakan udara terjadi akibat perbedaan tekanan gas

antara atmosfir dan paru (alveoli)

Perbedaan tekanan terjadi akibat perubahan ukuran

rongga toraks  kontraksi dan relaksasi otot-otot
pernapasan
Otot-otot Pernafasan
Otot-otot Pernafasan
 Inspirasi
1. Diaphragm
2. External intercostal muscles
3. Accessory muscles
- M. sternocleidomastoideus
- M. serratus anterior
- M. pectoralis minor
- M. scalenius
Otot-otot Pernafasan
 Expirasi
1. M. Rectus abdominis
2. M. Obliqus abdominis ext et int
3. M. Tranversus abdominis
4. Internal intercostal muscles
Difusi
Difusi dalam hal ini adalah proses berpindahnya gas
O2 dari alveoli ke kapiler paru, dan berpindahnya
CO2 dari kapiler paru ke alveoli.

Menurut hukum Fick, kecepatan suatu gas melewati

membran adalah sesuai rumus :
 
Vgas = A.D. (P1 - P2)
T
Transport O2 dan CO2
 O2 diangkut oleh darah dalam bentuk :
 Terlarut
 Terikat dengan Hb

 Pada keadaan normal 97% O2 diangkut dari paru ke jaringan

dalam bentuk terikat dengan Hb (Haemoglobin; HbO2
saturation = 97 % dalam darah arteri).

 Sisanya diangkut dalam bentuk terlarut dalam plasma dan sel.

 Transport CO2 dalam darah dalam bentuk :
 Terlarut (7 - 10 %)
 Ion bikarbonat (HCO3) dlm sel RBC (60 - 70 %)
 Berikatan dengan Hb (HbCO2) (23 - 30 %)
(Carbamino Compound)
Transpor CO2
Regulasi Sistem Respirasi
Tiga Komponen utama :
Sensor
Kontrol sentral
Efektor (otot-otot pernafasan)
Regulasi Sistem Respirasi
1. Sensor
- Central Chemoreceptor
CO2 darah dgn cepat melewati sawar darah otak ke
CSF H2O + CO2 ----- H2CO3 ---- H+ + HCO3-
Konsentrasi H+ yg tinggi memacu ventilasi
- Peripheral Chemoreceptor
 O2 dan ion hidrogen
- Pulmonary Receptor
- Reseptor non kimiawi--- baroreseptor
Regulasi Sistem Respirasi
2. Central Controller
- Brain Stem
a. Medullary Respiratory center
b. Apneustic center
c. Pneumotaxic center (menghentikan inspirasi)
- Cortex
- Limbic system and hypothalamus
3. Effector : Respiratory muscles
 SPIROMETRY
Assistants of Physiology
Physiology Department
Medical Faculty, Hasanuddin University
 PULMONARY VOLUMES
 VT (Tidal Volume) = 500 ml
 IRV (Inspiratory Reserve Volume) = 3100 ml
 ERV (Expiratory Reserve Volume) = 1200 ml
 RV (Residual Volume) = 1200 ml

PULMONARY CAPACITIES
 IC (Inspiratory Capacity) = 3600 ml
 VC (Vital Capacity) = 4800 ml
 FRC (Functional Residual Capacity )= 2400 ml
 TLC (Total Lung Capacity) = 6000 ml
Spirographic
Indications for spirometry
identifying the presence of abnormal lung function;
determining the nature of abnormal lung function;
grading the extent of functional impairment;
monitoring the onset and progression of dysfunction;
and
evaluating the response to interventions.
Obstructive Disorders: Disorders is characterized by
obstruction of normal airflow due to airway narrowing
and includes :
Asthma
COPD
Bronchiektasis
Cystic Fibrosis
Tumors ( inside or outside the airways )
The mechanism causing the airway narrowing differ,
including obstruction by mucus plug, airway compression
and smooth constriction.
Restrictive Disorders : Disorders is characterized by
stiffer lungs which cannot expand to normal volumes.
A large number of disorders can be classifed as restrictive,
including :
Pulmonary Fibrosis
Sarcoidosis
Silicosis
Asbestosis
Normal Lung
A normal flow-volume loop:

A normal volume-time loop:

Obstructive Lung Disease

Flow-volume in obstructive lung

disease: Volume-time curve in obstructive lung disease:
is concave, FEF25-75 too low, FVC FEV1 low, FET higher
normal
 Restrictive Lung Disease

Volume-time curve in restrictive lung

Flow-volume in restrictive lung disease: disease:
shape normal, FVC low FEV1 too low, FET normal
Mixed Lung Disease

Volume-time curve in mixed lung

disease:
FVC, FEV1 and FEF25-75 too low
Pattern of lung function
Obstructive Restrictive Mixed

FEV1
FVC N or
FEV1/FVC ratio N
TLC N or
VC N or
RV N or N or
RV/TLC ratio N or
Spirographic
 NORMAL : FEV = 80 %
FVC
 OBSTRUCTIVE : FEV1 < 80 %
FVC
 RESTRICTIVE : FEV1 > 80 %
FVC
FEV = FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME
FVC = FORCED VITAL CAPACITY