Multiplexing

•Many to one/one to many

•Types of multiplexing
•Telephone system
 Many to One/One to Many
• Multiplexing provides a mechanism to share the
use common channel/circuit by 2 or more users.
• Multiplexing devices include:
– Multiplexers on the sending side
– Demultiplexers on the receiving end
– path(physical link) composed of n channels.
• Multiplexing techniques are employed for both
digital & analog transmissions.
Types of Multiplexing

Multiplexing

Frequency Time Wave

Division Division Division
Multiplexing (FDM) Multiplexing (TDM) Multiplexing (WDM)

Synchronous Asynchronous
 FDM - Frequency Division Multiplexing
• FDM is an analog tech. used when the bandwidth of
medium exceeds the required bandwidth of the signals to
be transmitted.
• FDM was used by telephone companies.
• Each modulated signal requires a certain bandwidth
centered around its carrier frequency called a channel.
• How it works?
– FDM translates the frequencies of several voiceband
channels to different frequency channels.
– Then, combines the frequencies.
– And transmit them together.
• Figure 8.3 Forouzan
Figure 8.3

•Bandwidth is actually 3 times the bandwidth of each

signal.
•Carrier frequencies are sufficiently separated by unused
bandwidth(guard bands) so that they do not overlap.
Demultiplexing:
• At the receiving end, the demultiplexing process involves:
– Slitting the received signal into three frequency bands.
– Demodulating each signal back to the original voice band.
– Passing the signals onto the receivers.
– Figure 8.6 Forouzan
 TDM - Time Division Multiplexing

• TDM is digital process used when the data rate capacity of

the transmission medium exceeds the data rate required by
the sending and receiving devices.
• Each source connected to a TDM . TDM has the entire
bandwidth for a portion of the time called a “time slot”.
• TDM constructs a “frame” consisting of one or more time
slots for each input source.
• TDM can be either synchronous TDM and asynchronous
TDM.
• Figure 8.10 Forouzan.
TDM
 Synchronous TDM
• A method of TDM in which time slots on a shared
transmission line are assigned to devices on a fixed,
predetermined basis.
• Synchronous , that the multiplexer allocates the same time
slot to each device at all times whether or not it has
anything to transmit.
• Figure 8.10 Forouzan.

Frames
• Framing provides a method of synchronization of
transmission.
• The data are organized into frames, each of which contains
a cycle of time slots.
Synchronous TDM
In each frame, one or more slots is dedicated to each data
source.
Transmission consists of the transmission of a sequence of
frames.
The set of time slots dedicated to one source, from frame to
frame is called “channel”
Since time slot order is fixed, frame size does not vary.
Hence, the demultiplexer requires no additional addressing.
Framing bit are added to the beginning of each frame to help
the demultiplexer synchronize the incoming data stream &
separate the time slots.
If a device has no data to transmit, the time slot is wasted.
Figure 8.11 Forouzan
Interleaving
Synchronous TDM can be compared a very fast rotating
switch.
As the switch opens in front of a device, that the device has
the opportunity to send a specified amount of data onto the
path.
The switch moves from device to device at a constant rate and
in a fixed order.
This process is called interleaving.
Figure 8.12 Forouzan, shows interleaving and frame building.
Asynchronous TDM
A method of TDM in which time slots on a shared
transmission lined are assigned to devices on demand.
“Asynchronous” means flexible or not fixed.
In synchronous TDM, capacity is wasted if not all time slots in
frame are used.
Based on the principle that not all input channels are ready to
transmit when scanned.
ATDM supports n channels but its frame contains only m
slots where m < n
Figure 8.16 Forouzan.
Every cycle ATDM scans the inputs buffers and fills up the
frame up to m slots and then sends the frame across the link.
Asynchronous TDM
Note that, the ATDM bandwidth required is smaller than
synchronous TDM channel.
Figure 8.17 shows 3 examples ATDM frames.

a. Only three lines sending data

b. Only four lines sending data

c. All five lines sending data

Addressing and Overhead
Since slot assignments are not fixed, header information
identifying the data with their perspective source are added.
This creates additional overhead.

Variable length time slots

ATDM can accommodate traffic of varying data rates by
varying the length of the time slots.
Control bits are appended to the beginning of each time slot to
indicate the length of the incoming data portion.
WDM - Wave Division Multiplexing

WDM is conceptually the same as FDM, except that the

multiplexing and demultiplexing involve light signals
transmitted through fiber optic channels.
The idea is the same, combining different signals of different
frequencies.
The difference is that the frequencies are very high.
Figure 8.8 give a conceptual view of a WDM multiplexer and
demultiplexer.
Combining and splitting of light sources are easily handled by
a prism.
Multiplexing and Inverse Multiplexing
 Self - Reading - Telephone Network

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