Rfid Design Studies: Dr. KVS Rao Prof. Raj Mittra

RFID DESIGN STUDIES
Dr. KVS Rao Prof. Raj Mittra

Intermec Technologies Pennsylvania State University
Everett, WA, USA University Park, PA, USA.
Applications
• Electronic Toll
Collection
• Access Control
• Animal Tracking
• Inventory Control
• Tracking Runners in
Races!
Introduction
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) System

- Background Information
•Applications of RFID
• High Frequency (13.56MHz)
• Supply Chain
• Wireless Payment
• Libraries Book ID
• Ultra High Frequency (902 – 928 MHz)
• Supply Chain
• Sensors
• Libraries
• Microwave Frequency (2.45GHz)
• Supply Chain
• Sensors
• Electronic Toll Payments
Design Challenges
• Small Size • Impedance Matching
• Planar – ASIC Chip: High
Capacitive Value,
• UHF Frequency Small Resistive Value
Allocation
• Environmental
– Europe 866-869 MHz
Conditions
– North America 902-
928 MHz
Antenna Parameters
• Characteristic • 3-Dimensional
Impedance Radiation Patterns
– Power • Maximum Directivity
Ra  Rs 4U max
P  4 Dmax 
( Rs  Ra )   X s  X a 
2 2
Prad
where Za = Ra + j Xa is the antenna impedance, where Umax is the radiation intensity
and Zs = Rs + j Xs is the source impedance. in maximum direction,
and Prad is the total radiated power.
Hybrid loop antenna
Top View of the antenna
• Length of the antenna ~ one operating wavelength in free

space
• Outer loop terminated by inner loop  size reduction
• Simple structure (one layer of dielectric substrate)
• Antenna impedance must be highly inductive
Hybrid loop antenna (cont‘d)
Top View of the modified antenna
• Realize a high value for the inductance by:

 Changing the loop area (L ~ A)
 Changing the length of the perimeter
Hybrid loop antenna : First design
Input Impedance
• Perimeter of the loop antenna : 244 mm

• Size used by the antenna : 39 x 40 (mm)
• Resonance frequency : ~0.5 GHz and 1.26 GHz
• Reactance +300 Ω at 1.01 GHz
Hybrid loop antenna : First design (cont‘d)
Far Field Pattern (normalized)
xz- (blue) and yz-(red) plane xy-plane
• Not omnidirectional Pattern in the xy-plane

 Non strictly symmetry of the geometry
Hybrid loop antenna : Parametric study
Changing the length of the inner loop Li
• Li = 16 (red graph) mm  Li = 10 mm (blue graph)

• Perimeter  , Loop area  : L 
• Perimeter 244 mm  232 mm
Hybrid loop antenna : Parametric study
Changing the width of the inner loop Wi
• Wi = 28 (red graph) mm  Wi = 30 mm (blue graph)

• Perimeter  , Loop area  : L 
Hybrid loop antenna (cont‘d)
Far Field Pattern and Current distribution at 910 MHz
• Current distribution : small current in the top part of the antenna  small influence on
the inductance  Meandering
Meandered Hybrid loop antenna
Top View of the meanderd antenna

• Maximum percentage at 910 MHz
Hybrid Loop Antenna
OBSERVATIONS
• Length of the antenna has a greater effect on the input impedance more than does
the loop area
• Meandering technique reduces the size of the antenna
• Small percentage power delivered to the antenna  attributable to very small
resistive part of the input impedance
• The developed design did not prove to be too useful
Dual cross-dipole
Top and Side Views of the Antenna Structure
• Meandering dipole  size reduction

• Cross-polarization sensitivity   dual dipole
• Ground plane  can act as reflector  gain 
Dual cross-dipole : Design#1
Input Impedance
• Length of the antenna : 218 mm ~0.66 λ (at 910 MHz)

• Area used by the antenna : 51 x 51 (mm)
• Reactance is too small in the desired frequency  Length of the antenna 
• Resistive part is again very small
Top View
• “Load bar“ is added

• Length of the antenna : 258 mm ~ 0.78 λ (at 910 MHz)
• f300 at 900 MHz
Far Field Pattern/Power delivered to the antenna/ Axial Ratio
• ~80 % of the power is delivered to the antenna

• Narrow bandwidth (10.5 MHz more than 50 % is delivered)
• Min. AR  3 dB (860 MHz – 960 MHz)
Dual cross-dipole : Parametric study
Influence of the height of the antenna
• Decreasing h, increases the resonance frequency

• By varying the height, input impedance can be adjusted for a good matching
Dual cross-dipole : Parametric study
Influence of the dielectric constant

Input Impedance and new design
• Increasing the dielectric constant , drops the resonance frequency  length of the antenna

• Area used by the antenna was decreased ~ 19 % by using a higher dielectric (4 instead of
2.2 )
• Max. Power delivered to the antenna was sligthly higher for the case with the higher
dielectric constant (79 % vs 86 % )
• Bandwidth wasn‘t influenced
Dual cross-dipole : New design
New design/Power delivered to the antenna
• Area used by the antenna reduced ~ 35 % compared to the inital

design (second case) and ~21 % compared to the previous case
• Max percentage for the power plot : ~81 % (79 % second case / 86 %
previous case)
• Bandwidth didn‘t change
Inductively coupled Feed
Top View and structure
2 M 2
Z in  Z loop 
Z body
• Strength of the coupling depends on h2 and the size of the loop
• Inductive coupling modeled by a transformer
• Analyzing the input impedance by varying the size and shape of the
loop
Inductively coupled Feed (cont‘d)
Changing length of the loop
• Increasing the loop size, increase the inductance

• With this method the reactance increases ~200 Ω
• Two operating range frequency
• Antenna size needs to be adjusted (increased)
Changing the shape of the feeding loop
• Same experiment as before (changing the size of the loop)

• For one design we realized a very high percentage of power
delivered (98 % at 899 MHz)
• Bandwidth was narrow
OBSERVATIONS
• Narrow bandwidth
• Operating frequency can be varied by changing the size of
the feeding loop
• Antenna size must be increased to operate in the desired
frequency range if we use a square loop.
Antenna Measurement
Top View of the antenna

Input Impedance Comparison : Measurement et Simulation
Field Pattern normalized (910 MHz) - Comparison
Measurement Simulation
-Anechoic chamber not ideal for 910 MHz
-Different feeding part (balun for measurement)
-Infinite substrate size used for simulation
PLATFORM-TOLERANT RFID
DESIGNS
Dual-Band PIFA Design
Parameter Size (mm)
L 62
W 51.3
H 3
S 5
gap (867/915 MHz) 1
gap (867/940 MHz) 1.9
r 2.35
ASIC Chip:
Zc=10-j160 [] at 867 MHz
Zc=10-j150 [] at 915 MHz
Zc=10-j145 [] at 940 MHz
•Dual-band Frequency Operation

•Open-Ended Stub
•Gap Dimension and Stub
Dimension Used to Tune
•Platform Tolerance
•Dominating Horizontal Current
Distribution
•Widening Short, Vertical
Inductance Reduced, Antenna
Lowered
•Mounting Materials
•Dimensions
•900 mm x 900 mm
•(4  x 4 )
•Thickness=13 mm
•Cardboard (r=2.5)
•Glass(r=3.8)
•Plastic(r=4.7)
Impedance [867/915 MHz] Dual-Band PIFA Design
Imaginary Impedance
300
250
200
150
W
100
50
0
Real Impedance
850 858 865 873 880 888 895 903 910 918 925 933
300
Frequency [MHz]
No Material Cardboard Glass Plastic 250
200
W 150
100
50
0
850 858 865 873 880 888 895 903 910 918 925 933
Frequency [MHz]
No Material Cardboard Glass Plastic

Power Dual-Band PIFA Design
Power Power Power

(867 MHz) (915 MHz) (940 MHz)
No Material 83.49 64.92 74.07
Cardboard 54.53 86.28 80.5
Amount -28.96 21.36 6.43
Increased

No Material 83.49 64.92 74.07

Glass 54.81 80.72 72.9
Amount -28.68 15.8 -1.17
Increased

No Material 83.49 64.92 74.07

Plastic 58.3 85.72 72
Amount -25.19 20.8 -2.07
Increased
Radiation [867 MHz] Dual-Band PIFA Design
No Material Cardboard
Glass Plastic
Conclusions Dual-Band PIFA Design
Directivity Directivity Directivity
(867 MHz) (915 MHz) (940 MHz)
No Material 1.6841 1.832 1.8815
Cardboard 1.928 2.0704 2.3425
Amount 0.2439 0.2384 0.461
Increased

No Material 1.6841 1.832 1.8815

Glass 2.4053 2.8135 3.9153
Amount 0.7212 0.9815 2.0338

Increased

No Material 1.6841 1.832 1.8815

Plastic 2.9936 3.4036 4.1411
Amount 1.3095 1.5716 2.2596
Increased
Environmental Change
•Cardboard Box
Radiation [867 MHz]
• 900 mm x 900 mm
•4 x 4
•Thickness=13 mm
•Metal sheet
•450 mm x 450 mm
•2 x 2
•Height from Cardboard Metal 20 mm Under
No Metal
was Varied from 0 mm- Cardboard
20 mm
Environmental Change Dual-Band PIFA Design
Power Power Peak Directivity Peak Directivity
(867 MHz) (915 MHz) (867 MHz) (915 MHz)
No Metal 54.53 86.28 1.928 2.0704
Metal 0 mm 76.6 80.7 3.3105 3.0219
Amount 22.07 -5.58 1.3825 0.9515

Increased


(867 MHz) (915 MHz) (867 MHz) (915 MHz)
No Metal 54.53 86.28 1.928 2.0704
Metal 10 mm 91.08 73.11 3.1872 3.0167
Amount 36.55 -13.17 1.2592 0.9463

Increased


(867 MHz) (915 MHz) (867 MHz) (915 MHz)
No Metal 54.53 86.28 1.928 2.0704
Metal 20 mm 73.25 76.82 3.2213 3.0599
Amount 18.72 -9.46 1.2933 0.9895

Increased
Ground Plane Optimization Dual-Band PIFA Design
No Material Directivity Directivity Glass Peak Directivity Peak Directivity

(867 MHz) (915 MHz) (867 MHz) (915 MHz)
Original GP 1.6841 1.832 Original GP 2.4053 2.8135
1 Inch Larger 2.3265 2.3131 1 Inch Larger 2.5102 2.6094

Cardboard Directivity Directivity Plastic Peak Directivity Peak Directivity

(867 MHz) (915 MHz) (867 MHz) (915 MHz)
Original GP 1.928 2.0704 Original GP 2.9936 3.4036

Ground Plane Optimization Dual-Band PIFA Design
Inductively-Coupled Feed Loop PIFA Design
•Impedance Matching
•Inductively Coupled Feed
Loop
•Gap dimension between
loop and radiators is used to
tune
•Designed to match Zc=10-
j150 [] at 915 MHz
•Platform Tolerance
•Reduced Current on Ground
Plane
•Mounting Materials
•Dimensions
•200 mm x 200 mm
•( x )
•Thickness=5 mm
•Cardboard (r=2.5)
•Glass with No Loss(r=3.8)
•Glass with Loss(r=2.5) and
Loss Tangent 0.002
Optimization of Impedance in Free Space
Impedance
190
170
150 Imaginary 9.75

130 Imaginary 9.5
110 Imaginary 9.25

Imaginary 9
90
W
Real 9.75
70 Real 9.5
50 Real 9.25
30 Real 9
10
-10
0.825 0.845 0.865 0.885 0.905 0.925 0.945 0.965 0.985 1.005 1.025
Frequency [MHz]
Power Power
915 MHz [%] 940 MHz [%]
Average
Gap 9 mm 9.09 4.39 6.74
Gap 9.25 mm 86.09 41.45 63.77
Gap 9.5 mm 77.38 34.50 55.94
Gap 9.75 mm 15.28 13.00 14.14
Directivity & Radiation
Directivity (915 MHz) Directivity (940 MHz)
No Mounting Material 3.47 3.3
Cardboard (r=2.5) 3.43 2.94
Amount Increased -0.04 -0.36

No Mounting Material 3.47 3.3 867 MHz No Material

Glass No Loss (r=3.8) 3.4 3.25
Amount Increased -0.07 -0.05

No Mounting Material 3.47 3.3
Glass With Loss 3.36 3.3

(r=2.5) and loss 0.002
Amount Increased --0.11 0
867 MHz Cardboard
Optimization of Impedance for Cardboard
Impedance
60
50
40
30
W
20
10
0
0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1
Frequency [GHz]
Gap 9.75 Gap 9.5 Gap 9.25 Gap 9 Gap 8.8 Gap 8.75 Gap 8.5
Impedance
Inductively-Coupled Feed Loop PIFA
Impedance (Before Optimization)
200
180
160
140
120
100
W
80
60
40
20
0
0.83 0.85 0.87 0.89 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.03
Frequency [GHz]
Imaginary No Material Imaginary Cardboard Imaginary No Loss Imaginary Glass with Loss
Real No Material Real Cardboard Real Glass with Loss Real No Loss
Impedance Inductively-Coupled Feed Loop PIFA
Impedance (Optimized)
200
180
160
140
120
100
W
80
60
40
20
0
0.83 0.85 0.87 0.89 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.03
Frequency [GHz]
Imaginary No Material Imaginary Cardboard Imaginary Glass No Loss Imaginary Glass With Loss
Real No Material Real Cardboard Real Glass No Loss Real Glass With Loss
Power Before and After Optimization Inductively
Coupled Feed Loop PIFA
Power (915 MHz) [%] Power (940 MHz) [%]
Free Space 86.09 41.45

Cardboard 16.29 6.5
Cardboard Optimized 61.19 31.69


Glass 24.06 9.48
Glass Optimized 56.59 69.36


Glass with Loss 11.65 23.81
Glass with Loss Optimized 61.6 52.55
Performance Enhancement with Artificial
Magnetic Conductors
• PEC Ground  PMC Ground

– Reflects Half the Radiation – Image Currents In Phase with
Original Currents
• Gain can be increased
PMC is reflective
by 3 dB
 Low Profile Antennas
– Image Currents Can Cancel
– High Impedance Surface
Currents in Antenna
 Current is filtered at selected
• Limitation on distance frequencies so tangential
between ground and magnetic field is small while
radiating elements (/4) electric field is still large
– Reflection Coefficient of -1  Suppression of Surface
Waves=>Minimizes Backlobe
– Reflection Coefficient of +1
Metamaterials
Challenges
• Electrical Ground Plane

 Redirect one-half of the radiation  gain can be increased by 3 dB
 Min. distance between antenna and ground : λ/4
• Image currents cancel currents in antenna  poor radiation efficiency
• Metamaterials→Material that exhibit electromagnetic properties not
found in nature
• EBG (Electromagnetic Band Gap) - Surface
 Subclass of metamaterials
 Can be designed to act as an AMC (Artificial Magnetic Conductor)
ground plane
Metamaterial
AMC
• Reflectivitiy “+1“ (reflection magnitude 1 and reflection phase 0°)
• Can be achieved by utilizing periodic patch with via geometry or by planar
achitecture without the need of vias  FSS (Frequency Selective Surface)
• GA (Genetic algorithm) for an optimized FSS unit cell size,geometry and
dielectric constant and thickness of the substrate material
Metamaterial - Simulations
FSS-design
GA-Output Parameter
Unit Cell
FSS-Screen with Antenna
Antenna Structure
Metamaterial – Simulations (cont‘d)
Input Impedance- Comparison (with and without using an FSS-layer)
• Resonance frequency is decreasing by using a FSS-layer

Metamaterial – Simulations (cont‘d)
Bandwidth and maximum Directivity - Comparison

(with and without using an FSS-layer)
• Higher Power transfer for the case with the

FSS-layer (~94 % instead of 83 %)
• Directivity is alternating in the range
between 900 and 950 MHz around 1.2
• Antenna could be made smaller  future
work
• Bandwidth sligthly smaller for the FSS-case
Metamaterials (cont‘d)
Summary
• Using an FSS-layer drop the resonance frequency
• Changing the size of the antenna to get a desired input impedance is
very difficult
• Directivity behaviour changes sligthly
• Higher power delivered to the antenna with the FSS-layer
• Bandwidth slighly smaller for the FSS-case
Future work
 Increasing Bandwidth
 Changing structure of the AMC instead of the antenna size
 Antenna attached to metal objects  Performance will change
 Tunable antenna design  provide tolerance for fabrication
Fabrication of AMCs
GA Input
Parameter Output
Configuration of
AMC
FSS Layer
FSS Unit Cell
/2 x  /2 FSS Layer
Reflection Crosses 0 at 939 MHz

Directivity AMC
Dual-Band PIFA Inductively Coupled PIFA
Directivity Directivity
867 MHz 940 MHz 915 MHz 940 MHz
PEC 2.5255 2.6126 PEC 2.7074 2.421

Ground Ground
AMC 2.892 3.125 AMC 3.6855 2.9899
Ground Ground
Increased 0.3665 0.5124 Increased 0.9781 0.5689
Radiation [867 MHz]
AMC
Dual-Band PIFA
PEC AMC Inductively Coupled PIFA
PEC AMC
Optimization
Impedance Stub 2.8
250
200
150
[W ]
100
50
0
850 855 860 865 870 875 880 885 890 895 900 905 910 915 920 925 930 935 940 945 950
Frequency [MHz]
Imaginary Gap 2.6 Imaginary Gap 2.5 Imaginary Gap 2.4 Imaginary Gap 2.2 Imaginary Gap 2.1
Real Gap 2.6 Real Gap 2.5 Real Gap 2.4 Real Gap 2.2 Real Gap 2.1
Optimization
STUB 2.8 Imaginary Real Power

867 MHz [] 867 MHz [] 867 MHz [%]
Gap 2.6 157.45 40.29 63.56
Gap 2.5 142.94 3.55 29.90
Gap 2.4 153.95 26.54 77.39
Gap 2.2 131.14 2.66 10.70
Gap 2.1 128.29 2.69 9.23
Note: 915 MHz and 940 MHz were not able to be

sufficiently matched.
Optimization
Impedance (Imaginary)
180
175
170
[W ]
165
160
155
150
900 905 910 915 920 925 930 935 940 945 950
Frequency [MHz]
Gap 9.5 Gap 9.4 Gap 9.3 Gap 9.25 Gap 9.2 Gap 9.1 Gap 8.9
Optimization
Dimension Imaginary Real Imaginary Real Power Power

[mm] 915 MHz 915 MHz 940 MHz 940 MHz 915 MHz 940 MHz
[] [] [] [] [%] [%]
8.90 164.15 0.07 169.24 3.27 0.92 17.11
9.10 164.23 0.06 170.52 4.52 0.78 20.97
9.20 162.70 0.24 166.82 1.47 3.64 9.68
9.25 166.60 2.98 171.89 0.51 26.83 2.44
9.30 158.90 0.14 163.86 1.29 3.11 10.70
9.40 163.04 0.13 167.28 4.80 1.90 26.83
9.50 163.52 0.17 168.06 4.42 2.34 23.91

OBSERVATIONS
• Dual-Band PIFA Design showed to be platform tolerant in numerous
cases
• Inductively Coupled Feed Loop PIFA was very sensitive to platform
• An optimization was done for each mounting material with the
Inductively Coupled Feed Loop PIFA
• The AMC ground plane did significantly improve the directivity and
reduce the backlobe in both antenna cases
• An optimization needed to be done using the AMC for both antenna
cases because the impedance was altered
• The Dual-Band PIFA Design was optimized to sufficient operation
but the Inductively Coupled Feed Loop PIFA was not
ALTERNATE PLATFORM-
TOLERANT RFID DESIGNS
*courtesy of Prof. K.W.Leung

City University of Hong Kong
RFID Tag Design
- Background Information
• Inductive-coupled feeding design

Platform Tolerant
•Principle
-Using a patch antenna as the resonating element
-The Tag antenna and the surface material are isolated by the
ground plane
-The Tag has a stable performance regardless of the mounting

surface
RFID Tag Antenna Configuration
First Design
Size of Ground Plane: 83.638 x 112.058mm (0.26λx 0.34λ)

Size of Printed Antenna: 64.4 x 89.95mm(0.2λ x 0.27λ)
Substrate thickness: 1.524mm
Substrate dielectric constant: 3.38
Substrate loss tangent: 0.0021
•Chip Impedance
- 20.83 – j116.67Ω
•Transmitted power of the Reader

- 1W (30dBm)
•Gain of the Reader antenna

- ~7.5dBi
Simulated Antenna Gain
•Gain: ~ -8.6 to -0.77 dBi

Current Distribution (First Design)
902 MHz
915 MHz
928 MHz
Result and Analysis
Measurement Method
-The Read Range was measured in the EMC Chamber
-Reader Antenna was moved inside the EMC Chamber
-Measure the maximum readable distance that the

signal can be detected
Measurement Method
- RFID Tag was fixed by the foam stand and measured at
different orientation angles (0 deg, 45 deg, 90 deg)
0 deg 45 deg 90 deg

Result and Analysis
Tag Antenna Configuration

(by inductively-coupled feeding)
-The tag has similar performances for different angles

Result and Analysis
Second Design
-A Philips’s chip SL3S10 01 FTT is used
-Impedance of the chip: 16 – j380Ω (much more

capacitive)
-Difficult to match using the first design
-Introduce a new feed network

Second Tag Antenna Design

- Directly connect the feed network to the radiating patch at
several point
Size of Ground Plane: 83.638 x 112.058mm (0.26λx 0.34λ)

Size of Printed Antenna: 54.45 x 93.3mm(0.17λ x 0.28λ)
Current Distribution (Second Design)
902 MHz
915 MHz
928 MHz
Result and Analysis
Platform Tolerance Test
-Following surfaces were used in the test:
-Acrylic (200 x 200 x 3 mm)
-Wood (200 x 200 x 3 mm)
-Aluminium (200 x 200 x 3 mm)

Result and Analysis
Platform Tolerance
-The tag has stable performance over different surfaces

-The longest read range is obtained for the metal (Aluminium)
case because EM wave is reflected by the metal

Rfid Design Studies: Dr. KVS Rao Prof. Raj Mittra

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Rfid Design Studies: Dr. KVS Rao Prof. Raj Mittra

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

RFID DESIGN STUDIES

Dr. KVS Rao Prof. Raj Mittra

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) System

Top View of the antenna

• Length of the antenna ~ one operating wavelength in free

Top View of the modified antenna

• Realize a high value for the inductance by:

• Perimeter of the loop antenna : 244 mm

Far Field Pattern (normalized)

xz- (blue) and yz-(red) plane xy-plane

• Not omnidirectional Pattern in the xy-plane

Changing the length of the inner loop Li

• Li = 16 (red graph) mm  Li = 10 mm (blue graph)

Changing the width of the inner loop Wi

• Wi = 28 (red graph) mm  Wi = 30 mm (blue graph)

Far Field Pattern and Current distribution at 910 MHz

• Perimeter 252 mm  302 mm

Top and Side Views of the Antenna Structure

• Meandering dipole  size reduction

• Length of the antenna : 218 mm ~0.66 λ (at 910 MHz)

• “Load bar“ is added

Far Field Pattern/Power delivered to the antenna/ Axial Ratio

• ~80 % of the power is delivered to the antenna

Influence of the height of the antenna

• Decreasing h, increases the resonance frequency

Influence of the dielectric constant

New design/Power delivered to the antenna

• Area used by the antenna reduced ~ 35 % compared to the inital

Top View and structure

Changing length of the loop

• Increasing the loop size, increase the inductance

Changing the shape of the feeding loop

• Same experiment as before (changing the size of the loop)

Top View of the antenna

gap (867/940 MHz) 1.9

•Dual-band Frequency Operation

No Material Cardboard Glass Plastic 250

No Material Cardboard Glass Plastic

Power Power Power

No Material 83.49 64.92 74.07

No Material 83.49 64.92 74.07

No Material 1.6841 1.832 1.8815

Amount 0.7212 0.9815 2.0338

No Material 1.6841 1.832 1.8815

Metal 0 mm 76.6 80.7 3.3105 3.0219

Amount 22.07 -5.58 1.3825 0.9515

Power Power Peak Directivity Peak Directivity

Metal 10 mm 91.08 73.11 3.1872 3.0167

Amount 36.55 -13.17 1.2592 0.9463

Power Power Peak Directivity Peak Directivity

Metal 20 mm 73.25 76.82 3.2213 3.0599

Amount 18.72 -9.46 1.2933 0.9895

No Material Directivity Directivity Glass Peak Directivity Peak Directivity

1 Inch Larger 2.3265 2.3131 1 Inch Larger 2.5102 2.6094

2 Inch Larger 2.9306 2.918 2 Inch Larger 2.9178 3.0237

3 Inch Larger 3.6696 3.7427 3 Inch Larger 2.7375 2.7357

10 Inch Larger 4.5087 4.4954 10 Inch Larger 3.7178 4.1891

Cardboard Directivity Directivity Plastic Peak Directivity Peak Directivity

1 Inch Larger 2.6915 2.7059 1 Inch Larger 2.9787 3.0035

2 Inch Larger 3.2191 3.2618 2 Inch Larger 3.0787 2.9965

3 Inch Larger 3.1907 3.3583 3 Inch Larger 3.1032 3.0408

10 Inch Larger 4.6297 4.687 10 Inch Larger 3.0544 2.9356

150 Imaginary 9.75