ALLOYS

by mazlan

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 What is alloy?

Metallic substance composed of two or more

elements, as either a mixture, compound, or
solid solution. The components of alloys are ordinarily
themselves metals, though carbon is an essential nonmetal
component of steel. Alloys are usually produced by melting the
mixture of ingredients.

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Properties of alloy

Alloys are used because they have specific

properties or production characteristics that are
more attractive than those of the pure, elemental Refractory:
metals. For example, some alloys possess high tahan haba
strength; others have low melting points; others
are refractory with high melting temperatures;
some are especially resistant to corrosion; and
others have desirable magnetic, thermal, or
electrical properties. These characteristics arise
from both the internal and the electronic structure of
the alloy. An alloy is usually harder than a pure
metal and may have a much lower conductivity.

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Certain alloys resist corrosion because they are noble
metals. Among these alloys are the precious-metal alloys.
Other alloys resist corrosion because a protective film
develops on the metal surface. This passive film is an 
oxide which separates the metal from the corrosive
 environment. Stainless steels and aluminum alloys 
exemplify metals with this type of protection. The bronzes,
alloys of copper and tin, also may be considered to be
corrosion-resisting.

Dental alloys contain precious metals. he most common

dental gold alloy contains gold, silver, and copper.
Amalgams are predominantly silver-mercury
alloys, but they may contain minor amounts of tin,
copper, and zinc for hardening purposes

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Metals are bonded by three principal procedures: 
welding, brazing, and soldering. Welded joints melt
the contact region of the adjacent metal; thus the
filler material is chosen to approximate the
composition of the parts being joined. Brazing and
soldering alloys are chosen to provide filler metal
with an appreciably lower melting point than that of
the joined parts. Typically, brazing alloys melt above
750°F (400°C), whereas solders melt at lower
temperatures. 

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 Bronze, an alloy of copper (88%) and tin(12%), is
appreciably harder than copper.

Eureka wire .A Nickel (45%)-Copper (55%) alloy

wire used mainly for its medium range electrical
resistivity and very low temperature-coefficient of
resistance.
Nichrome, a nickel-base (80%) alloy containing chromium (20%)  and
iron, is a fairly simplesuperalloy.
It is silvery-grey in colour, is corrosion resistant, and has a high
melting point of about 1400 °C (2552 °F). Due to its relatively high
resistivity and resistance to oxidation at high temperatures, it is widely
used in heating elements, such as in hair dryers, electric ovens, toasters,
and even electronic cigarettes. Typically, Nichrome is wound in coils to a
certain electrical resistance, and current passed through to produce heat.

Duralumin (also called duraluminum, duraluminium or dural. which

contains 4.4% copper, 1.5% magnesium, 0.6% manganese and 93.5%
aluminium by weight. With this new rip-resistant mixture, duralumin
quickly spread throughout the aircraft industry.
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 STEEL

• Metal alloy
• Composition : iron, carbon (0.2% and 2.1% by
weight)
• Carbon and other elements act as a hardening
agent
• More brittle, harder and stronger than iron
• Varying the amount of alloying elements
controls qualities such as the hardness, ductility,
and tensile strength of the resulting steel
The steel cable
• Slowly oxidized
• Rusting occurs slowly
• Low intensity of blue colour (little presence of
ion Fe2+)

http://www.gerdau.com/produtos-e-servicos/processo-de-producao-do-aco.aspx

Steel pylon Page 7

STAINLESS
STEEL

•Does not stain, corrode, or rust easily (Corrosion-resistant steel or

CRES)
•Known as inox steel or inox
•Steel alloy
•Composition : iron, carbon, chromium (a minimum of 10.5[1] or
11% chromium), nickel
•Pure iron is prone to rusting and is highly unstable
•Chromium prevents mechanical and chemical damage
•Nickel increase the corrosion resistance and protect from rough usage
and harsh environmental conditions
•Not oxidized
•No rusting occurs
•Absence present of blue colour (no ion Fe2+)

The Unisphere in New York City.

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 ALLOYS
PROPER
TIE
ADVANT S & Solid solution or
AGES homogeneous mixture
of two or more
elements, at least one of
which is a metal, which
itself has metallic
properties

Alloying is adding
Repair the metal’s
small amounts of other
appearance (shiny and
elements to a metal
beautiful appearance)

ALLO
Prevent rusting of the
metals (prevent the
Y Alloying one metal
with other metal(s) or
formation of oxide non metal(s) often
layer on the surface of enhances its properties
the metal)

Do not have a single

melting point (melting
range in which the Stronger than the
material is a mixture of original pure metals
solid and liquid phases)

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 TYPES
OF
ALLOY
Substitution alloys Interstitial alloys

Structure

Meaning
The atoms of the base metal and The alloying agent or agents have
those of the alloying agent are of atoms that are very much smaller
roughly similar size than those of the main metal
Periodic
table
The constituent elements are quite The constituent elements are
near one another in the periodic table
quite far one another in the
periodic table

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 Substitution alloys
Structure
Dimension
The atoms of the metals that
comprise the alloy have equal
or very similar dimensions
Properties
The atoms of the alloying
agent replace atoms of the
main metal
Example
Brass is a substitution alloy
based on copper in which
atoms of zinc replace 10-35
percent of the atoms that
would normally be in copper
Interstitial alloys
The atoms of the metals
that make up the alloy are
not similar in dimension
The agent atoms slip in between
the main metal atoms (in the gaps
or "interstices"). Solute atoms
can occupy the "gaps"
between the solvent atoms
Steel is an interstitial alloy in
which a relatively small
number of carbon atoms slip
in the gaps between the huge
atoms in a crystalline lattice
of iron
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Uses of alloys

Uses for alloys are limitless, and include an extensive range

of marine, medical, military, commercial, industrial,
residential and manufacturing applications. Even brass and
bronze, two of the earliest alloys produced, still have
extensive uses, and remain in high demand.

the body of an airplane, which is made of Al-Cu alloy

(duralumin), has a streamlined shape to reduce air
resistance. The metal has to be soft in order to make such
a shape (Al is used as a base because it is soft), however,
it would change shape if it remains soft. So we add Cu
(and a small amount of Mg and Zn). Then the compound
CuAl2 is created gradually as time passes, and the
material becomes rigid. Thus, the material is soft when
we make the shape, but it becomes rigid after that. 

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 MORE ALLOYS?
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