Lecture 7:

Global Positioning System

(GPS)

By: Zuliana Ismail,201

 Learning Outcomes

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• At the end of this lecture, the student should
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– Explain the basic working principle of GPS
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– Describe the advantages of GPS

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 Introduction

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• GPS is stands for Global Positioning System.
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• Official name of GPS is Navigational Satellite
Next Timing And Ranging Global Positioning System
(NAVSTAR GPS)
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 Introduction

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 What is GPS-Global Positioning System?

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• 4 satellites/orbit. Total orbit = 6.

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Thus, GPS consists of 24
satellites.
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• Each satellite orbits the earth

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every 12 hours (2 complete

rotations every day).
• Thus, every point on the Earth
will always be in radio contact
with at least 4 satellites.
 GPS Segment

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 What is the purpose of GPS

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• The purpose of GPS is to show you your exact
Previous position on the Earth anytime, in any weather,
anywhere.
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 Who developed GPS?

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• First developed by the US DOD (United States
Previous Department of Defense)
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• Feasibility studies begun in 1960’s.Pentagon
appropriates funding in 1973.
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• First satellite launched in 1978. System declared

fully operational in April, 1995.
• Open to the public, 2000. Currently controlled
by the United States Air Force.
• It costs about $750 million to manage and
maintain the system per year
 Military
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Marine
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Automobile
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Who Can
Use GPS
Individual
Aircraft Navigation
 Who can use GPS?

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• Automobiles: show moving maps (highways,
Previous buildings)
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• Military: target detection.

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• Aviation: for aircraft navigation
• Marine: Provides precise navigation information
to boaters.
 Why do we need GPS?

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One drawback of using radio waves generated on
Previous the ground (like NDB,VOR,DME or ILS) is that
you have only two choices:
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• A system that is very accurate but doesn’t cover

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a wide area
• A system that covers a wide area but is not very
accurate
• We need a powerful system such GPS because
GPS can provide accurate information
and cover wide area.
 GPS Frequency
• GPS operates in the UHF band.
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• There are two types of services available:

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1. For Civilian/Research Use  Standard Positioning
Next System

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– L1 (1575.42 MHz), L2 (1227.60 MHz), L5 (1176.45
MHz) – For Civilian
– L4 (1379.913 MHz) – For Research
2. For Military Use  Precise Positioning System
– L3 (1381.05 MHz)
 GPS Receiver

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Handheld GPS Receivers

Casio GPS wristwatch
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HOW GPS WORKS?
 How GPS works
• GPS receivers tuned to the frequencies of GPS satellites.
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• Each GPS satellites then transmit signals to the GPS receivers
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. The signals, moving at the speed of light, c = 3 x 10⁸ m/s.
• These signals indicates satellite’s location and the current
Next time.
• The GPS receiver measures the time taken for a signal to
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travel from satellite to receiver.
• The distance to each GPS satellites can be calculated:
Distance = Speed of Light x Time
• Knowing the distance from at least 4 GPS satellites, the GPS
receiver can calculate the position (latitude, longitude and
altitude )
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GPS IN AVIATION
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 GPS receiver in the aircraft’s cockpit
Can provide the pilot with navigational information in
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terms of longitude, latitude and altitude.
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 What GPS can tell you?

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• GPS also can tell you
Previous – What direction you are heading
Next – Speed (How fast you are going)
Help – Your altitude
– A map to help you arrive at a destination
– Distance (How far you have traveled)
– Time (How long you have been traveling)
– Estimated time of arrival (When you will arrive)
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ADVANTAGES OF GPS
IN AIRCRAFT NAVIGATION
 ADVANTAGES OF GPS
in AIRCRAFT NAVIGATION
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• GPS can reduce the aircraft delays problem,
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• GPS can reduce journey time and fuel
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• GPS can maintain high levels of flight safety.
• GPS can increase airway & landing capacity for
aircraft.
• GPS more economical
 A GPS receiver in the cockpit provides
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the pilot with accurate position data
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and helps him keep the airplane on
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course.
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 Using GPS, aircraft can fly the most
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direct routes between airports
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 Advantages of using GPS in Aircraft
Navigation
Home • GPS can reduce the aircraft delays problem
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– GPS can provide accurate & continuous data
during all-weather condition.
Next – This can avoid flight delays.
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• GPS can reduce fuel consumption
– Civil aircraft typically fly from one waypoint to
another.
– With GPS, an aircraft's computers can be
programmed to fly a direct route to a destination.
– This can save fuel and time
 Advantages of using GPS in Aircraft
Navigation
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• GPS can maintain high levels of flight safety.
Previous – Improved situational awareness (quick alert
about emergency)
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– GPS also can simplify and improve the method

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of guiding planes to a safe landing, especially
in poor weather.
• GPS can increase airway & landing capacity for
aircraft.
– GPS system more flexible. Many aircrafts can
depend on GPS system at one time.
 Advantages of using GPS in Aircraft
Navigation
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• GPS more economical
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– Maintain economies from reduced
Next maintenance and operation of ground-based
systems (such as VOR/DME/NDB station)
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 Waypoints

Home • Waypoints are locations or landmarks that can

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be stored in your GPS.
• Waypoints may be entered directly by taking a
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reading with the unit at the location itself,
Help giving it a name, and then saving the point.
• Once entered and saved, a waypoint remains
unchanged in the receiver’s memory until
edited or deleted.
 Waypoints

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Direction of
waypoint
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Your location
Waypoint

Date Latitude and

and Longitude
Time
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GPS APPLICATION FOR
NAVIGATION SYSTEM
 GPS NAVIGATION SYSTEM

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• There are two advanced GPS NAVIGATION
Previous System which are
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1.LAAS - Local Area Augmentation
Help System.
2.WAAS - Wide Area Augmentation
System
 Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS)

Home • “LAAS is a precision approach and landing system

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that relies on the Global Positioning System (GPS) to
broadcast highly accurate information to aircraft on
Next the final phases of a flight.
Help • LAAS support precision approaches and landing
capability to aircraft operating within a 20- to 30-
mile radius of the airport.
• LAAS approaches will be designed to avoid
obstacles, restricted airspace, noise-sensitive areas,
or congested airspace.”
 Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS)

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• One LAAS covers
Previous multiple runway ends
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• Contributing
technology for high
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precision terminal area
navigation services.
• Quick data transferring
among LAAS, Aircraft
and GPS satellites
 Benefits of LAAS

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• Replaces ILS systems that are expensive to
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• Increases efficiency of arrival and departure
operations and improves usage of runway
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capacity
• Supports fuel efficiency.
• Improves access to airports during extremely
low visibility operations
 Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)

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38 Reference 3 Master 4 Ground
Stations Stations Earth Stations

2 Geostationary 2 Operational
Satellite Links Control Centers
 WAAS Benefits

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• Serves all classes of aircraft during flight
Previous operations in all weather conditions at all
locations.
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• Provides precise navigation and landing

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guidance to pilots at all airports, including
thousands that have no ground-based
navigation aids
• Overcomes obstacles to ground-based systems,
such as mountainous terrain
 WAAS Benefits

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• Reduces operating and maintenance costs
Previous associated with ground-based navigation aids
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• Makes more airspace usable to pilots, provides
more direct en-route paths, and provides new
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precision approach services to runway ends
• Through international cooperation provides a
global navigation system for all users
 GPS Limitations

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• The GPS must “see” the satellites, so it does not
Previous work well in dense forests, inside caves,
underwater, or inside buildings.
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• Signal Interference: Sometimes the signals

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interfered before they reach the receivers.
• Changing atmospheric conditions change the
speed of the GPS signals as they pass through
the Earth's atmosphere
 Obstruction

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 Signal Interference

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Earth’s Atmosphere
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Solid Structures

Metal Electro-magnetic Fields

 Question Bank

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1. Explain how GPS works. (9m)
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2. Describe 3 advantages of GPS. (6m)
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