Handover Training

OMF010002 Handover
Huawei Confidential
Course Contents
Summary of Handover
HO Algorithm process
HO Data Configuration
HO Signaling process
2
Summary of HO—Purposes of HO
• Purposes of HO
 To keep a continuous communication with a moving MS
 To improve network service performance
• To reduce the call drop rate
• To reduce the congestion rate
3
Summary of HO—Classification of HO
• Classification of HO:
 Emergency HO
• Timing Advance (TA) Emergency HO
• Bad quality (BQ) Emergency HO
• Rx_Level_Drop Emergency HO
• Interference Emergency HO
 load HO
 Normal HO
• Edge HO
• Layer HO
• Power Budget (PBGT) HO
 Speed-sensitive HO (Fast moving MS HO)
4
 Concentric Cell HO
Course Contents
Summary of Handover (HO)
5
• General HO process
• Measurement report preprocessing
• Penalty processing
• Basic ranking and Secondary ranking
• HO judgment
6
General process of HO Algorithm
M.R. 1
preprocessing OM forced HO
Edge HO
Directed retry
Penalty
processing Layer HO
TA emergency HO
BQ emergency HO PBGT HO
Basic ranking
RSD emergency Fast moving MS

HO HO
Secondary
ranking Interf. emergency HO Overlaid/underlaid HO
Load Sharing HO
Processing
HO judgement program
1
7
• Basic ranking and secondary ranking
• HO judgment
8
Measurement Report Preprocessing
• Measurement Report (MR):
 Uplink MR includes uplink receiving level and quality.
 Downlink MR includes downlink receiving level, downlink
receiving quality of the serving cell and other downlink
receiving levels from the neighbor cells.
Serving cell Neighbour cell
The downlink
measurement report
of the serving cell
The uplink The downlink

measurement report of
measurement report of the
MS neighbour cell (BCCH)
9
Measurement Report Preprocess
• MR interpolation
 Every time BSC receives a measurement report, there will be
an update to the basic rank of the cells.
 BTS may fail to receive the measurement report from MS.
Before the rank-update, BSC needs to recover the lost
measurement reports according to Filter Table. If the lost MR
amount is within the allowed range, then recovers the lost MR
according to the algorithm.
12
Measurement Report Preprocess
How to interpolate MR?
Continuous MR
flow
MR MR
MR MR MR
Measurement Measurement report

report No. n No. n+4
13
• HO judgment
15
Penalty Processing
• There are altogether four types of penalty pro

cess (second step of HO algorithm process )
 Penalty on the target cell when a HO fails.
 Penalty on the original serving cell when an emer
gency HO ( base on BQ and TA ) is performed.
 Penalty on other high priority layer cells after
a fast moving HO is performed.
 A new HO attempt is prohibited within the penalty
time after an overlaid/underlaid HO fails.
16
Penalty Processing
• Penalty on the target cell:
 Punish the target cell when a HO fails. This is to avoid the MS to
select this cell again in next HO judgment.
Cell A
BTS
HO failure
BSC
Cell B
17
Penalty Processing
• Penalty on the serving cell:
 Punish the original serving cell when an emergency HO ( due to BQ
and TA) occurs.
Cell A
BTS
BQ& TA HO
BSC
Cell B
18
Penalty Processing
• Giving penalty on the other three layers after MS
handovers to Umbrella cell by fast-moving-HO. This is to
keep MS staying in the umbrella cell and avoid frequent
HO.
Back? No way!
Umbrella
Micro cell
19
Penalty Processing
• A new Overlaid/underlaid HO is prohibited within a
penalty time after an Overlaid/Underlaid HO failure
.
Overlaid Do not
attempt again
after a failed
Underlaid HO!
20
• HO judgment
21
Basic Ranking and Secondary Ranking
• Basic ranking and secondary ranking of cells are

major parts of the HO judgment. Ranking is made
through 16bits-algorithm. The serving cell and the
neighbor cells will be listed in a cell list according to
their 16bits value. The ranking processes include:
 M rule
 K rule
 16bits ranking
22
Basic ranking and Secondary ranking
M rule:
Only the cells with received signal level satisfy the following conditions can be put
into the candidate cell list.
For serving cell: RX_LEV (o) >MSRXMIN(o) + MAX(0,Pa(o))
i.e : RX_LEV(o) – MSRXMIN(o)-MAX(0,Pa(o)) > 0 ……….. ( 1 )
For Neighbor cell: RX_LEV (n) > MSRXMIN(n)+ MAX(0,Pa(n))+ OFFSET
i.e : Having the same formula as above
Pa(0) : MS_TXPWR_MAX(0) – P
Pa(n) : MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) – P
MS_TXPWR_MAX( ) : The appointed MS transmitting power by the BSS.
P : Max_Power_of_MS
Max_Power_of_MS : MS maximum transmitting power

23
• K rule Criterion:
 After the M rule , the serving cell and candidate
neighbor cells are ranked in descending order acco
rding to the receiving level only.
24
• The 16bits rule

 Both the serving cell and the neighbor cells have their own
16bits value. The smaller the value is, the higher the priority
and position the cell is in the cell list.
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 The 1st-3rd bits: bit value is decided according to the cell

signal level and the penalty process taking place beforehand.
• The values come from max. 6 candidate cells and 1
serving cell according to the level ranges from 000~110.
The value for the cell with the strongest signal level is
000.
25
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 The 4th bit: bit value is determined by inter-cell HO ( of the
same layer ) hysteresis.
• The 4th bit of the serving cell is always 0,
• The receiving signal level of the neighbor cell >= The
receiving level of the serving cell + Inter-cell HO ( of the
same layer ) hysteresis, bit 4th is set to 0.
• The receiving level of the neighbor cell < The receiving
level of the serving cell + Inter-cell HO ( of the same
layer ) hysteresis, bit 4th is set to 1.
– Note: In PBGT HO, whichever the greater of the inter-cell
( of the same layer ) hysteresis and PBGT threshold, that
value will be used in the PBGT HO.
26
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 The 5th-10th bits: bit value is decided according to their
position in Huawei hierarchical network structure.
• When the signal level of the neighbor cells or the serving
cell is lower than the layer HO threshold and hysteresis,
this function is turned off and all bits are set to 0.
• That is to say only when the above criterions are met, then
this function take effect.
• Huawei cell layers can be divided into 4 layers and each
layer can be further divided into 16 different priorities. So
there are 64 different priorities in Huawei hierarchical cell
structure.
27
• Hierarchical cell structure
Umbrella
Cell GSM 900
GSM900
GSM 900 GSM 900 GSM 900
Cell
GSM1800 GSM1800 GSM1800 GSM1800

Cell
GSM900 GSM900 GSM900 GSM900

Micro Cell
GSM1800 GSM1800 GSM1800 GSM1800
28
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 The 11th bit: bit value is decided by cell-load-sharing criterion.

• Serving cell: if Cell Load>= Start threshold of load HO, bit
11th is set to 1, otherwise is set to 0.
• Neighbor cell: if Cell Load>=Receive threshold of load
HO, bit 11th is set to 1, otherwise is set to 0.
• Refer to Load HO Table for the load HO threshold and
load req. on candidate cell.
– Clue : When the cell load is higher than the threshold, then
the bit 11th is set to 1.This is done in order to put the cell in
a lower part of the cell list.
29
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 12th bit: bit value is decided by co-BSC criterion.
• Serving cell: is always set to 0.
• Neighbor cell: if co-BSC with the serving cell, 12th bit is
set to 0, otherwise is set to 1.
• When the signal level from the neighbor cell or the serving
cell is lower than layer HO threshold and hysteresis. This
function is turned off and the value is set to 0.
• If the parameter – “Co-BSC/MSC Adj.” in the HO control
table is set to “No”, then this function is turned off and the
value is 0.
 13th bit : Bit value is decided by Co-MSC parameter, having
the same concept as the 12th bit.
30
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 The 14th bit: Layer HO threshold adjustment bit

• Serving cell criterion:
– Receive level >= layer HO threshold – layer HO
hysteresis, bit 14th is set to 0. At the same ti
me, bit 13th, 12th and 10th—5th bits are set to
0.
– If the above criterion is not met, then bit 14th
is set to 1.
– Example : 20-5 = 15 ( -95 dBm )
31
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
• Neighbor cell criterion:
– Receive level >=layer HO threshold + layer HO h
ysteresis, bit 14th is set to 0. At the same tim
e, bit 13th, 12th and 10th—5th bits are set to
0
– If the above criterion is not met, then bit 14th
is set to 1.
– Example : 20+5 = 25 ( -85 dBm )
• note :
– The layer HO threshold and hierarchical hysteres
is correspond to the value of that individual ce
ll’s value.
– Usual situation : When the neighbor cells are of
32 the same layer, each of the neighbor cell’s lay
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 The 15th bit: Bit value is decided by cell type
• Serving cell or Neighbor cells:
• When cell type is extension cell 1.
• When cell type is normal cell 0.
 The 16th bit: Reserved bit
33
• HO judgment
34
HO Algorithm
Initializing
M rule
K rule
16bits rule
O&M reason
Forced HO Direct re-try
Emergency HO judgment Send HO command
Load-HO judgment Send HO command
Send HO command
Normal HO judgment
Edge HO judgment
Fast moving HO judgment
Layer HO judgment
Overlaid/underlaid HO judg
ment
PBGT HO judgment
35
Types of HO
• Types of HO :
 Emergency HO
• TA & BQ HO, interference HO, Rx_Level_Drop HO
 Load HO
 Normal HO
• Edge HO, layer cell HO and PBGT HO
 Fast moving HO
 Overlaid/underlaid HO
36
Emergency HO
• TA HO criterion :
 TA of the serving cell > TA Thrsh.
• BQ HO criterion :
 The average value of the uplink quality of the serving cell >
UL Qual. Thrsh.
 The average value of the downlink quality of the serving cell >
DL Qual. Thrsh.
• Requirements on the target cell (same as the a
bove two types of HO):
 Select the first cell in the neighbor cell list
i.e. lowest 16bits value.
37
Emergency HO
• Rx_Level_Drop HO:
 Due to downlink signal level drop
 Triggered upon detecting rapid level drop during
MS busy mode.
• Requirements for the target cell:
 The target cell is the first cell in the neighbor
cell list.
38
Emergency HO
• Interference HO (DL&UL) :
 When the receiving level > receiving threshold level. But
Receiving quality < threshold of quality interference.
 The target cell is in the cell list.
39
Cell Load HO
• Cell Load HO Criterions :
 System load of BSC < Permissible load of HO threshold
 Load of serving cell > Load HO threshold
• Requirements for the target cell

 Load of target cell < Load HO threshold
BTS
BSC
40
Normal HO
• Edge HO Criterion:
 In N seconds, when there are P seconds that neigh
bor cell’s DL or MS’s UL signal level is lower t
han the Edge HO threshold. Then the criterion is m
et and Edge HO occurs. This method utilizes the P
/N rule.
 The target cell should be ranked in front of the s
erving cell.
41
Normal HO
• Layer HO criterions:
 Serving cell :
• No requirement.
 Target cell :
• Layer of the target cell is lower than the serving cell.
• Receive level of the target cell > layer cell threshold +

layer cell hysteresis.
• Target cell should be ranked in front of the serving cell.
The priority of target cell should be higher than the serving
cell’s.
42
PBGT HO
• PBGT HO Criterions :
 Target cell’s path loss is smaller than the serving cell’s path
loss by the PBGT threshold value.
 Satisfying the P/N rule.
 Target cell should be ranked in front of the serving cell.
• Note :
 PBGT HO can only occur between same-priority cell. If the
system permits PBGT HO for the cell, PBGT HO can occur in
either inter-BSC or inter-MSC.
43
Fast-Moving HO
• When the serving cell is micro cell :

 When the MS has traveled through P numbers of cell, and there
are Q (=<P) numbers of cell that the MS has traveled in high
speed, the criteria is satisfied. MS will be handed over to
umbrella cell.
• When the serving cell is umbrella cell :
 When the MS is traveling high speed in umbrella cell, a greater
penalty can be given to the micro cell for a duration of time
(penalty time). In this way, the MS will not use the micro cell.
Note :In this case, the micro cell is only used under urgency
conditions( Poor TA and BQ ).
44
Overlaid/Underlaid HO
• Overlaid/underlaid :
 Division of underlaid and overlaid is decided by MS do
wnlink receive level and TA value.
underlaid
overlaid
45
Overlaid/Underlaid HO
• Criterion for HO from overlaid to underlaid:

 TA value => TA threshold + TA hysteresis Or
RX_LEV <= RX_LEV threshold － RX_LEV hysteresis
 Satisfying P/N rule
• Criterion for HO from underlaid to overlaid:

 TA value =< TA threshold － TA hysteresis and
RX_LEV =< RX_LEV threshold + RX_LEV hysteresis
 Satisfying P/N rule
46
Question
• Can you list the function of each bit in 16bit ranking?

• What is the period of measurement report?
47
Course Contents
48
Major HO Parameters Configuration
• Major HO parameter configuration

 1.[Handover Control Table]
 2.[Cell Description Table]
 3.[Adjacent Cell Relation Table]
 4.[Penalty Table]
 5.[Emergency Handover Table]
 6.[Load Handover Table]
 7.[Normal Handover Table]
 8.[Fast-Moving Handover Table]
 9.[Concentric Cell Handover Table]
• HO data lookup process

49
[Handover Control Table] -1

Parameter Meaning Value range Recommen
name ded value
th th
Co-BSC/MSC It means whether the 12 and 13 bits acts in the 16bit order. Yes, No Yes
Adj. “Yes” means handover in the same BSC/MSC is preferred.
th th
“No” means that the 12 and 13 bits are shielded and set to
“0”.
Penalty It determines whether to punish the target cell of handover Yes, No No
allowed failure, or the original served cell of handover upon too big TA
or bad quality. The penalty measures can apply to cells in or
out of the same BSC.
Load HO It determines whether to perform the handover to share traffic Yes, No No
allowed load. Load sharing can lower the channel assignment failure
ratio caused by cell congestion, so as to make evener
allocation of the service in respective cells, and lower the cell
congestion rate, and improve network performance. It only
applies in the same BSC or cells at the same level.
MS Fast It determines whether to handle the fast moving MS with the Yes, No No
moving HO algorithm. It is only recommended in special areas (such as a
allowed highway), to lower CPU load. This algorithm should only be
used in suitable conditions, and usually it is not applied.
50
[Handover Control Table] -2

Parameter name Meaning Value range Recommended
value
RX_Level_Drop It means whether RX_Level_Drop emergency Yes, No No
HO allowed handover algorithm is allowed, handover the MS
which receiving signal level is dropping quickly in
advance to avoid potential call drop. This algorithm
should be applied in suitable conditions, and usually it
is not used. To apply the handover algorithm, BSC
must have original measurement report.
PBGT HO It means whether PBGT handover algorithm is Yes, No Yes
allowed allowed. PBGT handover algorithm currently is
processed on LAPD board. To avoid Ping-pang
handover, PBGT handover is only performed between
cells at the same layer and with the same priority, and
meanwhile it is only triggered on TCH.
MS power It means after a handover whether MS is to use Yes, No Yes

prediction after proper predicted transmitting power to access the
HO new channel. This can reduce system interference
and improve service quality (this parameter acts
when intra BSC handover occurs).
51
[Handover control table] -3

Parameter Meaning Value range Recommended
name value
MR. “Yes” means perform measurement report Yes, No Yes
Preprocessing preprocessing on BTS; “No” means preprocessing on
BSC, then the two parameters of “Send original
measurement report” and “Send BS/MS power level”
do not act. “Yes” means decreasing of Abis interface
signaling and BSC load, and improving of network
response time performance. The switch determines
where to perform power control. When it is set to
“Yes”, power control is performed at BTS side. When
it is set to “No”, power control is performed at BSC
side. When setting this parameter, first be clear
whether BTS supports the power control algorithm to
set or not.
52

name value
Transfer It means whether to send the original measurement Yes, No No
original MR. report to BSC after measurement report preprocessing
on BTS. When it is set to “Yes”, BTS sends not only
processed measurement report but also original
measurement report to BSC.
Transfer It means whether to send BS/MS power level from BTS Yes, No Yes
BS/MS power to BSC. This function is used to view the effect of power
class control on BTS. Meanwhile, when preprocessing is
available, if BS/MS power level is not reported, the uplink
and downlink balance measurements will be affected,
and handover types such as PBGT handover and
overlaid/underlaid handover needing power
compensation will be abnormal.
53

name value
Sent Freq. of It indicates the time interval at which a measurement report Twice per According to
preprocessed is preprocessed at BTS side and sent to BSC the second, Once concrete
MR. Preprocessed measurement report. This parameter acts per second conditions
only when “Measurement report pre-processing” is enabled.
For 15:1 link configuration, the report frequency should be
as low as once per second due to limited link resource. At
this time, for handover needing P/N judgment such as edge
handover, layer handover, PBGT handover and
overlaid/underlaid handover,
54
[Cell Description Table] -1
55
[Cell Description Table] -2
56
[Adjacent Cell Relation Table] -1
57
[Adjacent Cell Relation Table] -2
58
[Penalty Table] -1
59
[Penalty Table] -2
60
[Emergency Handover Table] -1
name value
TA Thrsh. When TA≥this value, emergency handover is tri 0~63 bit 63
ggered period
DL QUAL. The downlink receiving quality threshold for BQ 0~70, 60
Thrsh emergency handover. When frequency hopping or corresponding
DTX is enabled, RQ becomes worse (normal to BQ levels of
phenomenon), this value should be set to 70. The 0~7
adjustment should also base on the current network
quality and handover statistics. When triggering
emergency handover, the first to select is the inter-cell
handover, the intra-cell handover is only triggered
when there is no candidate cell and the intra-cell
handover is allowed in the serving cell.
UL QUAL. The uplink receiving quality threshold for BQ corresponding 60

Thrsh. emergency HO. to BQ levels of
0~7
61
62
63
64
[Load Handover Table] -1
65
[Load Handover Table] -2
66
[Normal Handover Table] -1

Parameter Meaning Value range Recommended value
name
Edge HO UL During the statistics time, if the time in which the uplink 0~63 25 (without PBGT
RX_LEV receiving level is lower than the value is longer than handover, downtown),
Thrsh. certain time called continuous time, edge handover 15 (single station on
will be performed. If PBGT handover is enabled, outskirts), 15 (with
Corresponding edge handover threshold will be set PBGT handover,
lower. downtown)
Edge HO DL Downlink consideration for edge HO. 63 30 (without PBGT

RX_LEV handover, downtown),
Thrsh. 20 (single station on
outskirts), 20 (with
PBGT handover,
downtown)
67

name value
Edge HO It means that within the time statistics, if the 1~16 seconds 5
watch time time in which the signal level is lower than
threshold is higher than the continuous time,
then margin HO is to be triggered.
Edge valid See the above. 1~16 seconds 4
time
68

name value
PBGT watch Statistics time for PBGT HO signal level judgment. 1~16 seconds 5
time
PBGT valid Continuous time for PBGT HO signal level judgment. 1~16 seconds 4
time
69

name value
Layer HO Statistics time for Layer HO judgment 1~16 seconds 5
watch time
Layer HO Continuous time for Layer HO judgment. 1~16 seconds 4

valid time
70
[Fast-Moving Handover Table]
71
[Concentric Cell Handover Table] -1

name
UO signal BTS transmitting Power difference betwe 0~63db Set according to

intensity en underlaid and overlaid may cause M actual conditions
difference S receiving signal intensity difference
in underlaid and overlaid . The parame
ter uaually indicates the antenna EIRP
difference in dB between underlaid cell
and overlaid cell. According to field m
easurement, multi-point measurement is
necessary if the underlaid and overlai
d use different antenna.
72

name value
RX_LEV Rx level hysteresis, TA threshold and 0~63 25
Thrsh TA hysteresis jointly define underlai
d area and overlaid area. It must be
bigger than edge handover threshold, a
nd the recommended value is: edge hand
over threshold + signal intensity diff
erence between underlaid and overlaid
.
RX_LEV Works with Rx threshold. 0~63 5
hysteresis
TA Thrsh. It must be bigger than TA emergency 0~63 bit
handover threshold. period, with 1
bit period
corresponding
to 0.55km
TA Works with TA threshold. 0~63 bit period
hysteresis
73

Parameter name Meaning Value Recommended
range value
UO HO watch time P/N judgment statistics time for U/O HO judgment. 0~16 5
seconds
UO HO valid time P/N judgment continuous time for U/O HO judgment. 0~16 4
seconds
74

name
Assign In Overlaid/Underlaid, the following selection are System optimiza System optimization
optimum available for TCH assignment: (1) The system judges tion, overlaid
layer according to the measurement report on SDCCH and as , underlaid , n
sign to the best sub-cell. (2) Select the overlaid o preferential
first for TCH assignment. (3) Select the underlaid
first for TCH assignment. (4) Do not give extra pri
ority.
Assign- If system optimization is selected, estimate (inter 0~63
optimum polate, filter) current SDCCH level value through u
level Thrsh. plink measurement value in the former SDCCH measure
ment report, and compare with “ Assign-optimum Lev
el threshold”, so as to assign overlaid or underla
id channel.
If SDCCH is in the overlaid : edge handover thresho
ld + signal intensity difference between underlaid
and overlaid + uplink and downlink balance allowan
ce + SDCCH and TCH difference allowance. If SDCCH i
s in the underlaid : edge handover threshold + upli
nk and downlink balance allowance + SDCCH and TCH d
ifference allowance.
75

Parameter Meaning Value Recommended
name range value
Pref. When the cell is configured into a Overlaid/ Yes, No Yes
subcell in Underlaid, there are two processing methods
HO of for incoming handover request in BSC: (1) No
intra-BSC special processing for channel assignment.
(2) Add BCCH signal level value of the targe
t cell in inter-cell handover request messag
e to BSC to make BSC allocate optimum channe
l for MS from underlaid or overlaid .
Incoming- If there is a incoming BSC HO, and the targe overlaid None
to-BSC HO t cell is a Overlaid/Underlaid, then, this p , underla
optimum arameter will show which layer is preferred id , none
layer to provide service for the MS.
76
HO Parameters Configuration

 BA2 table defines BCCH frequencies of all neighbor cells. It
is sent to MS by system message 5, system message 5-bis and
system message 5ter on SACCH channel.
 MS reports the serving cell and BCCH, BSIC and signal levels
of 6 strongest neighbor cells to BSS. This is done through
SACCH.
 MR pre-process is done in BTS. Module number, cell
number and CGI of all neighbor cells are derived from
Adjacent cell Relation Table, and Cell Description Table (or
External Cell Description Table) through BCCH and BSIC in
the MR.
77
Summary of BSC HO

 BSC performs HO judgment process, such as basic rank of
cells (completed in LAPD board). When BSC finds suitable
target, It sends HO request messages containing the target CGI
to MPU of BSC. According to CGI, MPU derive the module
number of the cell from Cell Module Information Table.
 MPU sends a HO command message to the target module and
step up the ‘inter-cell/ intra-cell HO request’ counter by one.
78
Course Contents
79
• Intra BSC Handover
• Intra MSC Handover
• Inter MSC Handover
80
Intra-BSC Handover Signaling process
MS BTS1 BSC BTS2 MS MSC
Measurement Report from MS

Channel_Active
Channel_Active ACK
HANDOVER COMMAND
Handover Access
Handover_Detect
PHY INFO
PHY INFO
First SABM
Establish_IND
Handover Complete
Handover_Performed
81
• Attention
 In asynchronous HO, if MS could not reach the new TCH
channel after the target cell has sent PHY INFO up to max
times, the target cell reports CONN FAIL IND to BSC with the
reason: HO access failure.
 After the above message is received, BSC release the assigned
TCH channel in the target cell .
 Max resend times of physical information*Radio link
connection timer > Time interval between EST IND and HO
DETECT (120~180ms). This is to make sure that the physical
information reach MS.
82
MS BTS (Original) BSC BTS (Target) MSC

Measurement Report
Measurement Report
Attempted outgoing internal inter cell handovers Channel_Activate
T12++
Attempted incoming internal inter cell handoversT09++
Channel_Activate ACK
Handover Command (Old FACCH)
Handover Access (New FACCH)
Handover Complete (New FACCH) T10++ Successful incoming internal inter cell handovers
T13++ Successful outgoing internal inter cell handovers
RF Channel Release
Handover Performed
83
Measurement Points of Intra BSC
Handover
• Handover formula definition

 Internal inter cell radio handover success rate
=(Successful incoming internal inter cell handovers + Successful
outgoing internal inter cell handovers) / (Incoming internal inter cell
handovers + Outgoing internal inter cell handovers )
 Internal inter cell handover success rate
=(Successful incoming internal inter cell handovers + Successful
outgoing internal inter cell handovers) / (Attempted incoming
internal inter cell handovers + Attempted outgoing internal inter cell
handovers)
• Internal inter cell radio handover success rate >=

Internal inter cell handover success rate
84
85
Intra-MSC HO Signaling process
Signaling intra MSC
MS BTS(original) BSC1 MSC BSC2 BTS (Target)
Measurement Report
Measurement Report Attempted outgoing interBSC inter cell handovers
Handover Required
Handover Request
Attempted incoming interBSC inter cell handovers Channel_Active
Channel_Active_ACK
Handover_Request_ACK
Handover Command
Handover Access
Handover Detect
Handover Complete
Successful incoming inter BSC handovers Handover Complete
Successful outgoing interBSC inter cell handovers Clear Command (HO Successful)
RF Channel Release
Clear Complete
86
88
Measurement Points of Inter-BSC
Handover
Signaling process between MSC
MS BSC-A MSC-A MSC-B VLR-B BSC-B MS

HO-REQUIRED
MAP_Prepare_HO MAP_Allocate_HO_NUM
MAP_Send_HO_Repor
t
MAP_Send_HO_Report_AC
K
HO-REQUEST
MAP_Prepare_HO_ACK HO-REQUEST-ACK
IAI
HO-Command ACM
HO-Access
MAP_Process_Access_Signalling
Some intermediate steps are omitted
HO-Complete
MAP_Send_End_Signal
Clear-Command
Clear-Complete
MAP_Send_End_Signal_ACK
89
Measurement Points of Inter-BSC
Handover
Signaling process between MSC
MS BSC-A MSC-A MSC-B VLR-B BSC-B MS

HO-REQUIRED
MAP_Prepare_HO MAP_Allocate_HO_NUM
MAP_Send_HO_Repor
t
MAP_Send_HO_Report_AC
K
HO-REQUEST
MAP_Prepare_HO_ACK HO-REQUEST-ACK
IAI
HO-Command ACM
HO-Access
MAP_Process_Access_Signalling
Some intermediate steps are omitted
HO-Complete
MAP_Send_End_Signal
Clear-Command
Clear-Complete
MAP_Send_End_Signal_ACK
90
Inter-MSC HO Signaling process
• Signaling process – Abnormal conditions

 The following conditions will cause HO failure
• MSC-B fails to identify the target cell.
• MSC-B does not allow HO to the indicated targe
t cell.
• The target cell has no channel available.
• VLR-B has no HO number available.
• HO error or unsuitable data.
91
Inter MSC HO—Subsequent HO process
Roaming
MS MS
E MSCb' VLRb'
MSCa MSCb VLRb BSS2'
BSS2
Radio transmission signal measurement

HO REQUIRED (target cell table)
Perform subsequent HO(MAP) (target cell ID, serving cell ID, MSC number)
Perform HO
HO REQUEST (PCM&Channel type)
(target cell ID, serving cell ID, channel type)
HO REQUEST ACKNOWLmargin (including New TCH number and HO number)
Allocate HO number
Send HO report(HON)
Radio channel ack. (MAP) (includes New TCH number and HON)
IAI
ACM
Subsequent HO ack.
HO COMMAND HO DETECT
HO COMPLETE
Send end signal (MAP)
ANS
End signal (MAP)

Release HO report Release HON
CLEAR COMMAND
CLEAR COMPLETE
Release (TUP)
Cut physical connection between MSCa and MSCb
~
~~ End signal (MAP) ~ Release HO report Release HON
Release (TUP/ISUP) Cut physical connection between MSCAa and MSCb'
92
Inter MSC HO—Subsequent HO process
• Subsequent HO
MSC-A MSC-B MSC-C

MSC-C
Highway
93
Inter MSC HO Signaling process
• Statistics counter—same as
Intra MSC HO, Statistics is
handled by BSC
• HO formula-- same as Intra
MSC HO
94
Basic process of HO Signaling process
1. There is no “HO request” information for intra-BSC HO, and all of the HO
are analyzed and processed in BSC. Once the target cell as required is found in
the BSC, “Channel activation” information is sent to it directly.
2. When the target cell is not in the same BSC, BSC reports CGI numbers of the
serving cell and target cell, and HO cause to MSC through “Ho-Required”.
When MSC finds the LAC of the target cell is in the MSC, it sends “Ho-
Request” to the BSC of the target cell, and the target BSC activates the target
cell channel to complete the following procedure.
3. When MSC finds that the target cell LAC does not belong to the MSC, it will
query its “LAI and GCI Table” (including LAC and router address of the
adjacent MSC), and send “Prepare-HO” message to the target MSC-B
according to the router address. The message includes CGI of the target cell
and indication whether or not to allocate HO number, etc. According to the
message, the target MSC-B sends “HO-Request” message to the target BSC-B
after demanding HO number (unless it is not required in the indication) from
VLR-B, and sends “Prepare-HO acknowledgement” to serving MSC after
received “HO-Request acknowledgement”, to execute the next procedure.
95
Intra-BSC HO and Inter-BSC HO
• Major differences:
 Inter BSC HO transfers “HO-REQ” message through
MSC, with CGI of the serving cell and target cell
carried in the message.
 Intra BSC HO does not have any CGI in any messages
, it is handled inside BSC.
 Intra BSC HO only sends “HO-Performed” to MSC up
on completion of HO, and MSC is not involved befor
e that time.
 In inter BSC HO, MSC is involved since the HO requ
est .
96
Question
• What is the content of PHY INFO? When will t

he system send this message to MS?
• Why Internal inter cell radio handover succe
ss rate >= Internal inter cell handover succ
ess rate?
97
Thank You

Handover Training

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Handover Training

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OMF010002 Handover

Summary of Handover (HO)

RSD emergency Fast moving MS

Serving cell Neighbour cell

The uplink The downlink

How to interpolate MR?

Measurement Measurement report

• There are altogether four types of penalty pro

• Basic ranking and secondary ranking of cells are

into the candidate cell list.

For serving cell: RX_LEV (o) >MSRXMIN(o) + MAX(0,Pa(o))

i.e : RX_LEV(o) – MSRXMIN(o)-MAX(0,Pa(o)) > 0 ……….. ( 1 )

For Neighbor cell: RX_LEV (n) > MSRXMIN(n)+ MAX(0,Pa(n))+ OFFSET

i.e : Having the same formula as above

MS_TXPWR_MAX( ) : The appointed MS transmitting power by the BSS.

Max_Power_of_MS : MS maximum transmitting power

• The 16bits rule

 The 1st-3rd bits: bit value is decided according to the cell

• Hierarchical cell structure

GSM1800 GSM1800 GSM1800 GSM1800

GSM900 GSM900 GSM900 GSM900

 The 11th bit: bit value is decided by cell-load-sharing criterion.

 The 14th bit: Layer HO threshold adjustment bit

Emergency HO judgment Send HO command

Load-HO judgment Send HO command

• Requirements for the target cell

• Receive level of the target cell > layer cell threshold +

• When the serving cell is micro cell :

• Criterion for HO from overlaid to underlaid:

• Criterion for HO from underlaid to overlaid:

• Can you list the function of each bit in 16bit ranking?

Summary of Handover (HO)

• Major HO parameter configuration

• HO data lookup process

[Handover Control Table] -1

[Handover Control Table] -2

MS power It means after a handover whether MS is to use Yes, No Yes

[Handover control table] -3

[Handover control table] -4

[Handover control table] -5

[Cell Description Table] -1

[Cell Description Table] -2

[Adjacent Cell Relation Table] -1

[Adjacent Cell Relation Table] -2

UL QUAL. The uplink receiving quality threshold for BQ corresponding 60

[Emergency Handover Table] -2

[Emergency Handover Table] -3

[Emergency Handover Table] -4

[Load Handover Table] -1

[Load Handover Table] -2

[Normal Handover Table] -1

Edge HO DL Downlink consideration for edge HO. 63 30 (without PBGT

[Normal Handover Table] -2

[Normal Handover Table] -3

[Normal Handover Table] -4

Layer HO Continuous time for Layer HO judgment. 1~16 seconds 4

[Fast-Moving Handover Table]

[Concentric Cell Handover Table] -1

UO signal BTS transmitting Power difference betwe 0~63db Set according to

[Concentric Cell Handover Table] -2

[Concentric Cell Handover Table] -3

[Concentric Cell Handover Table] -4

[Concentric Cell Handover Table] -5