|


 
Water borne preservatives are best suited when
cleanliness, free from odour, low increasing wt.wt.
and selectivity low cost are desired.
desired.
Tributyl Tin derivatives that is more suited for
fungi insect attack as wells as antifounding
agent paints
Penta chlorophenol is found to be having more
penetration into wood, than the copper
nepthanate
By products of oil are recommended where
high toxicity is needed
needed..
 ë  
 
The Choice of treatment is governed by the timber species
and its sapwood contant of the use to which is to be put.
put.
Based on the degree of penetration, timbers are classified
as follows for the purpose of treatment.
treatment.
1. Easily treatable (100% penetration) eg:-
eg:- mango & Haldu
2. 75 ± 100% penetration eg:-eg:- Gurjan
3. Partially treatable (50-
(50-75% penetration) eg:-
eg:- Siris, kindal
4. Difficult to treat (25 -50% penetration) eg:-
eg:- Dhaman
5. Non treatable (0-(0-25 % penetration) eg:-
eg:- Teak, venteak
  
   
There are many methods for treatment.
1. Surface application
2. Soaking treatment
3. Hot & cold. Process
4. Pressure process
5. Diffusion process
6. Boucherie process
1. |
 
 This is done either by brushing, spraying
or dipping in the preservative for a short period, At least too
coat should be applied. Moisture content of 20±
20±30% is
promissible.
 | 


The debarked timber is treated by
submerging in the preservative solu. For a long period untill the
required absorption of preservative has been obtained .
¢ 

 The debarked item is submerged in


 The
the preservative solu. & then heated to 900c and maintain
this temp. for a suitable period after that it is allowed to
cool untill the required absorption of preservative is
obtained timber expands while during cooling the residual
air in the timber contracts, creating a partial vacuum
which guses the preservative to be sucked into the timber
 


 This


 This is process of treating wood in a
closed container of preservative. It is forced into the
wood under pressure greater than 1 atm and is generally
proceeded by vacuum. A temp. of 80- 80-900C should be
maintained during the pressure treatment there are 2
methods of pressure treatment process:
1. Full cell process
2. Empty cell process
The full cell process is used when max. absorption of the
preservative is desired.
°   
 This
 
 This process is used in case of timbers
which are not easy to impregnate under pressure in dry
condition and also when there is danger of the timber
getting deteriorated during seasoning.
 

 This


 This process is applied for the
treatment of sapwood of green timbers soon after felling
using any of the inorganic water soluble preservatives. In
this process, the butt end of the pole is placed into a tank
or reservoir having inorganic preservative solution. The
pole is inclined at 450 to the horizontal. Due to hydrostatic
pressure, the preservative displaces the sap in the timber
which is then forced out at the narrow end.
   

1. Wooden
2. Steel
3. Aluminium
4. Ferro cement
5. GRP vessels

2 
The most important factors considered in the selection of
materials are availability, suitability & economic viability wood
is being used extensively for construction of vessels up to
about 20 m length in many countries of the world including
India, Britain ± 30m
with proper selection, seasoning and treatment by preservatives
many timbers like vanteakmango can be brought to extensive
use in boat building, timber with straight and closed grain with
10--15% moisture is the strongest specific gravity of wood is
10
about 1.56.
u
   
 


The strength of any wood is closely related to the amount
of moisture. Wood in very wet and absolutely dry condition
will have poor strength. Usual permissible range of
moisture is 12-
12-18% with the max strength at 15% Inherent
elastic properties of wood help in bending and shaping
when heated and steamed wood can also stand sudden
applied shock. It also has clean and smooth finish apart
from being highly durable. With proper treatment, care and
maintenance, the life of wooden boats can be increased up
to 20-
20-25 yrs.
 h 

Wood being a hygroscopic material is
subjected to a rapid changes in
physical conditions. It absorbs nearly
30% of its wt. being an organic
material, it is subjected to several
type of deterioration.
 |
  

Steel as a boat building material was considered
to replace wood. The first steel ship was build in
year 1878 .Basically steel is an alloy of iron and
carbon. The plane low carbon steel containing
from 0.1-
0.1-0.2% carbon are more than adequate
for most of the boat construction needs. Many
elements can be added to the steel in a wide
assortment of proportions, the most common
ones being Mn, Si, S, Ni, Cr, Cu, Co & Mo.
Stainless steel is not good as boat material but it
has excellent uses for rigging, fitting, fastenings,
propellar, shafts and other applications. Medium
carbon steel has carbon content of 0.3-
0.3-0.8%
which is commonly used.
u


A majority of steel in a ship is medium steel.
about2.6-3.1 kg/cm2.The
Its strength is about2.6-
specific gravity of steel is 7.84 .Steel is
fire resistant



The steel is heavier/m3 than wood, Al or
FRP. Steel is corrosive b/c of marine
environment. It is brittle adjacent to the
welds.
 ë

As long as displacement hulls
dominates the fishing industry, steel
will remain the most commonly used
ship hull material.However for small
boat construction, steed is not so
popular due to its wt. with good care
and maintenance, the life span of
steel boats could increased even up
to 30-
30-40 yrs.
 ^
  

The first sea going hull of Al was built
in France in 1892. The
advancements in metrological
science together with latest
techniques in welding have made
the extensive use of Aluminium
possible in fishing vessel since 1930.
 u


It becomes harder and stronger with time

extremely ductile and malleable. It will
bend more easily than steel. The alloy of
Al (Al-
(Al-mg, Al-
Al-Si) are resistant to sea water
corrosion.
Specific gravity of Al-
Al-2.7
Modulus elasticity remains more or less
constant for all Al alloys.
Easy to work with, can be formed, welded,
bolted into any form.
 h 

DAl is not compatible in sea water due to
electrolysis. Al requires surface preparation prior
to paintaing. The initial cost of Al is much higher
than wood and steel. Construction of Al boats
require a greater technical knowledge and skill.
Dr



r


can can be done for checking
electrolysis and also prevents Galvanic corrosion
with salt water.
  
Al is used in smaller craft, specially in inland
waters. In India, Al finds use for super structures
of 17.5 m steel vessels as disimproves their
stability due to less wt. at the top life span of Al
vessel is more than 40 yrs.
ë
     

‰
 This is the first step in boat building. It
‰
 This
is a diagramatic represent of boat design which
helps in preparation of hull and other inner parts
of boat. Mould lofting exposes & corrects the
mistake made in the plan 4 design.
_

   ! The ! The
members of back bone assembly like keel, stem,
stern, shaft long, stern post, horn timber &
transom are erected first on the building stocks
and securely bolted. They are made using
templates obtained from the mould loft. The
position of frames, floors and all stations are
marked on keel & Hog keel.
The first step in the actual building of the
boat starts with laying of keel. The size of
the keel depends on the size of the vessel.
One piece keel is preferred. It 2 piece are
joined, a scarf joint is preferred.
After laying the keel other parts of back
bone assembly such as stem on the
forward with the help of stem knel and
transom dead woood, shaft long and horn
timber on the aft are fitted as per the
design.
 Π

They are made of cheaper wood and
are moulded on the body plan of the
mould loft. They are erected on the
backbone at respective
stations/positions after making
necessary markings such as water
line, deck line, sheer line
 þ

Planking keeps the boat water tight besides
imparting strength & rigidity. The nature of
planking varies with the type of vessel.
Planking can be either:
1. Carvel planking
2. Clinker
3. Diagonal type
Carvel planking is the system most commonly
used as this is strong, easy to repair &
cheapest.
 Œ Œ
  Œ


Frames are the ribs of the vessels.
They are lower and secured to the
keel. The other ends extend
outwards & upwards to the upper
deck. They confirm the shape of hull
the frames are either. Sawn type or
steam bent type.
In case of steam bent frames, they
are bent to shape when hot &
immediately fastened to the
planking. When the frames are cold
and set. The floor timbers are made
from mould loft pattern, fitted &
fastened to each pair of frames &
keel. After completion of farming,
templates are removed and screw
holds are filled with wooden nails.
 Π


The longitudinal are the fore & aff
members like clamps shelves and
stringers which serve to increase the
strength and stifness and help to prevent
the tendency of sides to move in and out
as the vessels sags & Hogs (Rolling &
pitching).
Clamp is lingitudinal timber supporting deck
beams & is the Ist internal timber to be
fitted into the boat after framing.
 Shelves are long strips of wood running at intervals from
stem to stern on each side of boat and are fixed over the
frames.
=_

  "
 

The engine bearers are shaped of the engine is installed by
fixing over the engine bearers with bolts & keeping proper
alignment. The bearers are normally supported on the floor
timbers. Simultaneously fixing of full tank is also done.
 G Π  
Deck beams are the transverse member
running across the deck b/w the opposite
frames.
Deck beams provide the frame for deck
planking as well as for erecting deck
houses, besides keeping the transverse
shape of the vessel intact
While fixing the beam care is taken to
ensure that the central line of beams
coincide with the central line of the boat
The deck beams are secured to the clamp
and shelves at sides and are supported by
knees.
Carlines are fitted in their respective
positions.
Half beams or spur beams that do
not extend to the full width off the
boat are secured to carlines at the
one end and bolted to the clamps on
the other end.
 4

 



Bulk heads are fitted after the deck
beams are bolted but before the
deck is laid.
These are partitions either
transverse or longitudinal separating
the bull below deck in to various
compartments.
 Õ


The deck planks are screwed to the
deck beams
Deck planking is done in the same
way as hull planking except that it is
usually parallel to the central line.
The deck planks are to be sawn,
seasoned & planked before they are
fitted.
ÕÕ_ 
# 
Fish holds are installed and insulated
& they are made water tight.

Õ# "
2 
Wheel house is constructed and
secured to the hull structure beams
are fixed and planked.
 |
^

  
Rudder & Rudder shoes are fixed interior
works involving ventilation, piping, wiring
and steering arrangement are completed.
   It is done for the planks to
make the boat water tight.
|
  The under water hull needs
protection which normally provided by a
metallic sheathing. Either Cu, Al or FRP
sheathing is given.
 
 After completion of all the
 
 After
works hull and other surfaces are
painted with marine grade paint of
desired colour. The coats of prime
paints. Protective oil application is
also made wherever required.
‰  
 The boat is
launched and trials are carried out.

$ 
 Boat joint is the junction between 2

$ 
 Boat
pieces of boats commonly used joints are :
Scarf Joint
Lap Joint
Butt Joint

|
$ 
 Most common joint used in keels,
|
$ 
 Most
shelves, clamps & other longitudinal sometimes it
is also used in planking & Geling. It is a joint in
which ends or edges are levelled, cut in an
obligue angle and the entire surface remains
continuous.
‰$ 
It is joint in which 2
pieces o timber are joint in such a
way that one overlaps the other.

$ 
It

$ 
It is a joint in which 2
pieces of timber are joint end to end
by using a block, known as butt
block. But joints are commonly used
in planking.
Œ

    


Ferro cement was first introduced as boat
building material in 1847. In 1940 it was
successfully developed a ferro cement boat since
then ferro cement is highly versatile form of
reinforced concrete made of wire mesh, sand,
water and cement which posses unique quality of
strength and serviceability. It consist of a
reinforcement of a no. of layers of galvanised
iron, wire mesh over an arrangement of mild
steel rods and fully plastered with a mortar mix
of sand and cement combination. The specific
gravity of ferro cement is 2.4-
2.4-2.6
 u

1. Easy to fabricated into complex shapes without using
moulds.
2. It has good strength, water proof and rust proof proper
ties.
3. Unique feature of ferro cement boats is that specially
under constant water contact.
4. Ferro cement boats have the longest life in water.
5. Coast of ferro cement boats is much less than
conventional wooden work.
6. Construction is very simple.
7. Basic material like cement, sand, steel are reading
available throughout the world
8. Easy to repair
9. Resistant to fire and marine borers.
10. Hull does not require any protection.
 
1. Not suitable for smaller boats (>10m. Length).
2. It is heavy so need more 4p for propelling .
3. It steel or wire mesh is exposed then corrosion
will be very quick.
4. Heat transfer in fish hold will be very quick.
5. Heat transfer in fish hold will be more faster
than wood.
6. The weakest feature of ferrocement vessel is
low resistant to penetration by sharp objects.
7. It can not be readily acceptable for mass
production.
  


GRP is a combination of 2 basic material
consisting of reinforcing agent like glass fibre in
the form of thin fibre and a plastic resin. The
resulting material is known as GRP. The term
reinforcement plastic material whose physical
properties have been up graded by the addition
of some auxiliary material, fibres of glass etc.
The raw materials used in GRP boat building
are:
1. Fibre glass
2. Plastics
3. Catalyst
4. Accelerator
5. Other substances
Which include pigments fillers,
Thixotropic paste . There are diff.
resins like polyster, epoxy, vinyl etc.
Polyster is the most common. A no.
of thermosetting resins such as
henalics, melamines, silicons and
epoxies are used. But polyster resins
are found the widest use in
reinforced plastics.
 u

1. Light wt.
2. Highly durable
3. High strength to weight ratio
4. Can be fabricated to any desired shape & size.
5. Material is free from corrosion both in air and water.
6. No deterioration due to fungi and bacteria
7. Speedy construction.
8. Due to light wt. it is possible to achieve greater speed,
increased fish hold capacity and lesser hp.
9. No leakage and hull is one piece without reams and
joints.
10. High chemical and weathering resistance.
11. Due to incorporation of pigment, hull painting can be
avoided.
 
1. Higher initial coast.
2. Fabrication needs special technical
assistance.
3. Some essential raw material have
low storage life so require strict
environmental control.
4. Greater fire danger.
5. Needs protection against faulers.
ë
       
2 Wood is an organic material prome to
2 Wood
sutting by attack of marine borers and fewers.
|
 Corossion
|
 Corossion
#

  

 
%
Õ&
Rotting is a natural phenomenon
Õ&
Rotting caused by
micro--organis like fungi which cause decay in the wood.
micro
Organic material of wood is absorbed by these fungi. Which
cuases disintegration of the cell wall and change the colour,
texture and strength wood become soft and spongy due to
rotting most of the decay in boats occur above the water
line where water can enter but can not evaporate.

   

Use of heat wood.
Use of seasoned and treated wood
Allowing proper ventilation of the
wood surfaces.
Eliminating entery of water into the
boat.
 u
 


Certain groups of animals like
Teredo, Martesia etc bore into the
uner part of wooden hull and destroy
the wood in long run as they
consume cellulose of the wood. The
damage caused is not so easily
detectable till it reached to a
dangerous level.

   

Use of antifouling paints
Underwates sheathing made of Cu,Al
or FRP.
Use of vessel in FW for few weeks.
Take the vessel out of water for
about 3 weeks.
It damage caused is not very severe,
the notes could be filled with wooden
plugs or any ceiling compound.
 u
 


Certain organism settle on the submerged
part of hull affecting the efficien by and
propulsion of boat is reduced and fuel
consumption gets increased.

 !
!
u 
  Bacteria, fungi, diatoms
rotifers.
Coelentrates, flat worms,
u
  Coelentrates,
u
  
tube worms, barnacies & molluscs.

   

 eep the boat in FW for sometime
Scrapping during dry docking
specially for barnacles and bivalves.
By metallic sheathing
Application of antifouling paints on
submerged portion.
 ë

Corrossion is a gradual disintigration of
metal due to chemical or electro chemical
attack by atmosphere, moisture and other
agents this phenomenon is more common
in steel venels and also in wooden vessels
having metallic sheath to the under water
parts of the hull. The corossion results in
thinning of plates and reduction of vessel
speed due to roughness caused on the
surface of boat.
 ë

ë

Corossion can be controlled by following
mean:
Material selection and design
Use of all of which resist corossion: Cu
base alloy and stainless steel alloy are
resistant to corossion.
By Galvanic system: Normally Zn is used
to protect steel, cast iron, Brass and
Bronze
Efficient paint system
Adequate coating of anticorossive paints
 
Hull is a frame work of a vessel together
with all decks, deck houses, the inside of
outside planking or planking but exclusive
of mast, rigging and all equipments
# 

Negotiating with the rough sea
Provides a platform for various fishing
operations
Capable of with standing stresses.
Ú
 ë 


The forward end of the hull is called
as bow and the afterend is called as
stern. The lower most part of the hull
is termed as the Bottom whereas
walls on either hands are referred to
as the sides. The top of the hull is
called deck. The shell of the hull is
known as plating and the girder
stiffening the shell is called the
framing.
 |    


Shape of the ship¶s hull determines the
power required to drive. It reflects
directly the ships speed and establishes
the limits of safety and stability.
According to the shape of their mid
section, hulls can be classified as:
(a) Flat bottom
(b) Round bottom
(c) V-shape bottom
#
 


Flat bottom is of very simple
construction and easy to built,
mostly used in protected waters and
used in small craft It have a light
water displacement.
'| 


Greater water displacement, more
seaworthy than flat bottom but does
not have power to carry sail without
any additions.
&  


Suitable for both power boats and sailing
cruzes or vessels.  eel is usually wide
and heavy. It protects propellar and
rudder to help in stearing.
According to their mode of support in the
sea, the hulls are classified as:
a. Planking hull
b. Displacement hull
c. Semi displacement hull
 h
   


These types of hulls depend on the
hydrostatic support or floatation for
their operation. It is most common
type of hull recognised for fishing
boats by moderate displacement
moderate speed, moderate to large
length and moderate capacities. It is
also called as ³ships for all season´.
 | 
  
V ± Speed of the vessel in knots
L ± Floating length of the boat or
length of water line in feet.
This ratio is also called as Froude¶s
number. Based on this ratio, hull
types are:
Displacement hull
Semi displacement hull
Planking hull
 


   
Õ ()  Sardine
()  Sardine oil, cod liver oil,
cashew nut oil, shell liquid oil.
 
 
: It is a resin extracted
from certain trees.
¢ 


 

  


  Common
Common in
mechanised boat. No need of antifouling
paints.
° *!
  
*!
  Common
Common in
mechanised boat problem of electrolysis.
So need antifouling paint
 #&