Circuit Switching

Anchal Singh
10706012
Overview
When we have multiple devices, we have
the problem of how to connect them to
make one-to-one communication possible.
One solution is to install a point-to-point
communication b/w each pair of devices or
b/w a central devices & every other device.
These methods are, impratical and wasteful
when applied to very large nteworks.
The number and length of links require too
much infrastructure to be cost efficient and the
majority of those links would be idle most of
the time.
A better solution is Switching. A switched
network consists of a series of interlinked
nodes, called switches. Switches are hardware
and/or software devices capable of creating
temporary connections b/w two or more devices
linked to the switch but not to each other.
Circuit Switching
The switching equipment within the
telephone system seeks out a physical
path all way from telephone to receiver
telephone.
This technique is Circuit Switching.
Circuit switching creates a physical
connection b/w 2 devices such as pc and
phone
A circuit switch is a device with n inputs
and m outputs that creates a temporary
connection b/w an input and output link.
The number of inputs does not have to
match the number of outputs.
The elapsed time bw the end of dialing
and start of ringing can easily be 10 sec.
During this period the system is hunting
for physical path.
Types
•SpaceDivision Switch
•Time Division Switch
Space Division Switch
In space division switching, the path in
the circuit are separated from each other
spatially. This technology was originally
designed for use in analog networks but is
used currently in both analog and digital
networks.
Types
Crossbar Switching
Multistage Switching
Multiple Paths
Blocking
1.Crossbar
A crossbar switch connects n inputs to m
outputs in a grid, using electronic
microswitches at each crosspoint.
The major limitation of this design is the
number of crosspoints required
connecting n inputs to m outputs using a
crossbar switch requires nxm crosspoints.
Fewer than 25% of crosspoints are in use
at any given time. The rest are idle
2.Multistage Switch
Solution to limitations of crossbar
Combine crossbar switches in several
stages
Devices are linked to switches, that in
turn, are linked to other switches
The design of multistage switches depend
on number of stages and switches
required in each stage
Eg. 15-by-15 crossbar switch
3.Multiple Paths
Provide several options for connecting
each pair of linked devices
Shows two ways traffic can move from
input to output using switched design…
Pathway is established b/w input line 4
and output line 4, path uses lower
intermediate switch’s and that switch’s
center output line to reach the last stage
switch connected to line 9
Second fig shows pathway using upper
intermediate switch
4.Blocking
The reduction in number of crosspoints
result in blocking during periods of heavy
traffic
Refers to time when one input cannot be
connected to an output because there is no
path available b/w them
Blocking does not occur in switch
Path is always there due to every
combination of input and output
In multistage switch very few inputs can
use switch at a time, small number of
outputs at middle stage increases the
restriction on number of available links.
Time-Division Switch
Uses time division multiplexing to
achieve switching
There are two popular methods used in
time-division multiplexing
Time-slot interchange
TDM bus
1.Time-Slot Interchange (TSI)
Shows a system connecting four inputs
lines to four outputs lines.
Imagine that each input line wants to send
data to an output line according to..
1 to 3
2 to 4
3 to 1
4 to 2
Result of ordinary time-division
multiplexing, output is in same order as
they are in input
When time-slot interchange is inserted,
ordering of slots based on desired
connections is changed
From A,B,C,D to C,D,A,B
Working of TSI
Consists of random access memory with
several memory locations
Size of each location is same as the size of
single time slot
Number of locations is same as number of i/p
RAM fills up with incoming data from time
slots in the order required, slots are then sent
out in an order based on decisions of control
unit
2.TDM Bus
Input and output lines are connected to a
high-speed bus through input and output
Each input and output gate is closed
during same time slot
This pair of gates allows a burst of data to
be transferred from one specific input line
to o/p line using the bus
Control unit opens & closes the gates
according to switching need
Eg:- at first time slot i/p 1 & o/p gate 3
will be closed. At second time slot i/p gate
2 & o/p gate 4 will be closed
Folded TDM bus can be made with
duplex lines and dual gates
Adv Disadv
 Space Division
 Instantaneous  Number of crosspoints
required to make switching
acceptable in terms of
blocking
 Time Division  In TSI, processing each
 It needs no crosspoints
connection creates delay.
Each time slot must be
stored by RAM, then
retrieved and passed on

Space and Time-Division Switch

Combinations
Combining the advantages in switching
that are optimized both physically
(number of crosspoints) and temporally
(amount of delay)
Multistage switches of this sort can be
designed as
Time-Space-Time (TST)
Time-Space-Space-Time (TSST)
Space-Time-Time-Space (STTS)
TST Switch
Simple TST switch, that consists of two time
stages & one space stages and has 12 i/p’s and
12 o/p’s
It divides the i/p into three groups ( four i/p
each), direct them to 3 TSI
Last stage is mirror image of first stage.
The middle stage is space division switch
(crossbar) that connects TSI groups to
allow connectivity b/w all possible i/p and
o/p pairs
Thank You!