Morfologi-Dan-Klasifikasi

MORFOLOGI TANAH
SOIL MORPHOLOGY - SIFAT-SIFAT TANAH yang dapat DIAMATI di

LAPANGAN dalam berbagai horison tanah , dan deskripsi macam dan
tatanan horison.
C.F. Marbut championed reliance on soil morphology instead of on theories of

pedogenesis for soil classification because theories of soil genesis are both
ephemeral and dynamic (Soil Survey Staff (1993). Soil Survey Manual. Washington D.C.: U.
S. Government Printing Office. Soil Conservation Service, United States Department of
Agriculture Handbook 18).
Sifat-sifat yang dapat diamati dan dideskripsikan di lapangan meliputi: komposition,

bentuk, struktur tganah dan organisasi tanah, warna tanah dan becak-becaknya,
distribusi akar dan pori, bukti-bukti adanya translokasi material seperti carbonates,
iron, manganese, carbon dan clay; serta konsistensi tanah.
Observasi lapangan biasanya dilakukan pada suatu PROFIL TANAH.

Profil tanah merupakan potongan vertikal dua dimensi, dalam tanah dan terikat pada
salah satu sisi suatu PEDON.
PEDON adalah unit tiga dimensi terkecil, tetapi tidak kurang dari 1 m2 di permukaan
tanah yang mampu menangkap variabilitas lateral.
Sumber: . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_morphology …….. DIUNDUH 25/2/2013

HORISON TANAH
HORISON TANAH merupakan “lapisan” yang sejajar dnegan

permukana tanah, karakteristik fisiknya berbeda dengan lapisan-
lapisan di atas dan di bawahnya.
Setiap tanah mempunyai minimum satu horison, biasanya tiga atau

empat horison.
Horizons dicirikan oleh sifat-sifat fisikanya, terutama warna dan

teksturnya.
Sifat-sifat ini dapat dideskripsikan secara absolut (mis. Distribusi

ukuran partikel, untuk tekstur tanah) dan secara relatif dalam
kaitannya dnegan material skeitarnya , mis. Lebih kasar atau lebih-
berpasir dibandingkan dnegan horison di sebelah atas atau
bawahnya.
Sumber: . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_horizon …….. DIUNDUH 25/2/2013

MORFOLOGI TANAH
O (Organic matter): Lapisan seresah sisa-sisa tumbuhan yang relatif
masih belum mengalami dekomposisi.
A (Tanah permukaan) : Lapisan tanah mineral dengan akumulasi
bahan organik dan soil life. Lapisan ini meng-eluviasikan iron,
liat, aluminum, senyawa organik, dan komponen terlarut lainnya.
Kalau eluviasi ini snagat intensif, akan tampak horison E yang
warnanya lebih terang di bagian bawah horison A. A-horizons
may also be the result of a combination of soil bioturbation and
surface processes that winnow fine particles from biologically
mounded topsoil. In this case, the A-horizon is regarded as a
"biomantle".
B (Subsoil): Lapisan ini mengakumulasikan besi, liat, aluminum dan
senyawa organik, prosesnya disebut ILUVIASI.
C (Batuan/Bahan Induk) : Lapisan batuan berukuran besar-besra
yang belum hancur. Lapisan ini mengakumulasikan senyawa-
senyawa yang dapat larut .
R (Batuan dasar): Lapisan batuan-dasar yang baru lapuk parsial, di
bagian dasar prosil tanah. Horison ini terdiri atas massa yang
kontinyus, batuan keras yang tidak dapat digali dnegan tangan.
Tanah-tanah yang terbentuk secara in situ akan menunjukkan
kesamaan dengan batuan-dasar ini.
Sumber: . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_horizon …….. DIUNDUH 25/2/2013

KLASIFIKASI TANAH
KLASIFIKASI TANAH:
berkenaan (berhubungan) dengan KATEGORISASI TANAH SECARA
SISTEMATIS berdasarkan pada karakteristik pembeda (penciri) dan
kriteria yang telah ditetapkan.
Sistem Internasional saat ini:
1. Buol, S.W., Southard, R.J., Graham, R.C., and McDaniel, P.A. (2003). Soil
Genesis and Classification, 5th Edition. Iowa State Press - Blackwell,
Ames, IA.
2. Driessen, P., Deckers, J., Spaargaren, O., & Nachtergaele, F. (Eds.).
(2001). Lecture notes on the major soils of the world. Rome: FAO.
3. FAO. (1998). World Reference Base for Soil Resources. Rome: Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Sumber: . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_classification …….. DIUNDUH 25/2/2013

KLASIFIKASI TANAH
Untuk dapat mengelola lahan dengan tepat kita harus

mengetahui seperti apa “tanah” yang kita hadapi, dan
bagaimana tanah-tanah ini berbeda-beda di antara satu
lokasi dengan lokasi lainnya.
Sistem klasifikasi memungkinkan kita untuk

mengkomunikasikan berbagai tanah-tanah ini dan
pengelolaannya.

Sumber: Keys to Soil Taxonomy, Eighth Edition. 1998. …….. DIUNDUH 15/2/2013
TAKSONOMI TANAH
USDA Soil Taxonomy developed by United States Department of
Agriculture and the National Cooperative Soil Survey provides an
elaborate classification of soil types according to several parameters (most
commonly their properties) and in several levels:
Order, Suborder, Great Group, Subgroup, Family, and Series.
Contoh klasifikasi suatu Tipe Tanah:
Order : Entisols
Suborder : Fluvents
Great Group : Torrifluvents
Subgroup : Typic Torrifluvents
Family : Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, calcareous, Typic
Torrifluvents
Series : Jocity, Youngston.
Sumber: . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA_soil_taxonomy …….. DIUNDUH 25/2/2013

ORDO TANAH
1. Alfisols — pelapukan moderat, berkembang pada kondisi hutan
berdaun lebar atau boreal, kaya Fe dan Al.
2. Andisols — berkembang pada bahan abu-vulkanik, dan kaya
bahan-bahan koloidal gelas dan amorf, termasuk allophane,
imogolite dan ferrihydrite.
3. Aridisols — (dari bahasa Latin “aridus” berarti “kering”) tanah
berkembang pada kondisi iklim arid atau semiarid
4. Entisols — tidak menunjukkan perkembangan profil tanah yang
"significant“. Horison-horisn tanah minimal.
… dst …..
Sumber: . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA_soil_taxonomy …….. DIUNDUH 25/2/2013

HORISON UTAMA = Master Horizons
Informasi tentang tanah
O horizon
A horizon
R horizon
E horizon
(Elluvial)
C horizon
B horizon
(Illuvial) B horizon
Sumber: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../Lecture%2023%20Soil%20Taxonomy.ppt …….. DIUNDUH 15/2/2013

Pengenalan Sub-horizon
Pembeda Subordinate di dalam Horison Utama
p – pembajakan/pengolahan/gangguan
t – akumulasi liat
g – pembentukan glei
h – illuvial bahan organik
w – perkembangan warna/ struktur
o – oksik

Pembeda (penciri) Subordinat (p = plowed)
Horison permukaan yang terganggu (kultivasi, pasture,

kehutanan)
Digunakan dnegan Horison A (mis. Horison Ap)
Ap horizon
Contoh deskripsi Ap:
Ap -- 0 - 12 inch; coklat tua (10YR 3/3) Lempung liat

berdebu; struktur gumpal-bersudut , halus, kuat;
remah, agak lekat dan plastis; banyak akar; banyak
pori halus dan medium; sangat masam (pH 4.8);
batas horison abrupt smooth. (tebalnya 10 - 13 inch).
Sumber: http://nesoil.com/images/paxton.htm …… DIUNDUH 15/2/2013

Subordinate distinction (t = clay accumulation)
Translokasi liat atau terbentuk di tempat
Coatings atau diskrit
Digunakan dnegan Horison B (mis. Horison Bt)
Kalau reduksi, dapat digunakan dengan subhorizon g (mis. Horison Btg)
Contoh deskripsi Horison Bt:
B21 -- 12 - 22 inch; coklat tua (7.5YR

3/2) lempung liat berdebu; struktur
prismatik medium moderat yang
bercampur dengan struktur gumpal
bersudut halus mdeium moderat; keras,
gembur, agak lekat, plastis dan licin-
moderat; banyak akar; banyak pori halus
dan sangat halus; banyak selimut
berbutir halus pada pori dan pada ped;
sangat masam (pH 5.5); batas horison
clear smooth. (tebal 10 - 12 inch)

Pembeda Subordinat (g = gleying)
1. Oksigen kurang atau kondisi reduksi karena jenuh air.
2. Reduksi besi (Fe III menjadi Fe II)
3. Khroma rendah
4. Sering digunakan dnegan Horison B (mis. Horison Bg), juga dnegan
horison E dan C.
Material
Fe3+
oksidasi
oksidasi
Fe2+ Material
glei
Photographs showing redoximorphic features (soil mottling) which are color

patterns in the soil formed by the oxidation and reduction of iron and/or
manganese caused by saturated conditions within the soil. Redoximorphic
features are used to estimate the depth to seasonal high watertable

Subordinate distinction (h = akumulasi organik)
1. Akumulasi iluvial kompleks
Contoh: Horison Bh :
bahan organik - logam
2. Selimut pada pasir dan partikel
Horison subsoil , 'B' menyatakan horison B dan 'h'
diskrit
menyatakan “humik”. Bahan organik dan aluminium
3. h = “humik”
snagat dominan (sedikit sekali sneyawa besi).
4. Value dan chroma sekitar 3
Istilah ini digunakan untuk mendefinisikan Ordo Podosol
atau kurang
dalam sistem klasifikasi “Australian Soil Classification”
5. Digunakan dnegan Horison B
(Isbell, 1996).
(mis. Horison Bh)
Horison Bh pada kedalaman 30-40 cm di lokasi West
Gippsland Podosol.
Horison Bh
“horison spodik”
Sumber: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../Lecture%2023%20Soil Sumber:

%20Taxonomy.ppt …….. DIUNDUH 15/2/2013 http://vro.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/gloss
_AC…….. DIUNDUH 25/2/2013
Pembeda Subordinat (w = warna atau struktur)
Perkembangan warna
atau struktur secara Non-
illuvial
“w” dapat = “weak”
Bw
Biasanya digunakan
dnegan Horison B (mis.
Bw.)

Pembeda Subordinat (o = horison oksik)
Aktivitas liat rendah
Sedikti material dapat lapuk
Struktur batuan tampak sedikit
Oksida Fe dan Al
Horison oksik mempunyai:
a. The CEC7 < 16cmol(+)/kg of clay and an ECEC

< 12 cmol(+)/kg of clay which is due to the low
activity clay minerals (1:1 clays, Fe and Al oxides,
etc)
b. < 10% mineral dapat lapuk dalam fraksi pasir
c. Struktur batuan < 5%

Pembeda Subordinat
g – gleying
h – illuvial bahan organik
p – pengolahan tanah / pembajakan/ gangguan
t – akumulasi liat
w – perkembangan warna / struktur tanah
o – oksik

PEMBEDA SUBORDINAT
&
BAHAN ORGANIK

Subordinate distinction (a, e, i)
Menyatakan derajat dekomposisi bahan organik dalam
Horison O.
Oa – dekomposisi lanjut (saprik)

Oe – dekomposisi moderat (hemik)
Oi – dekomposisi ringan (fibrik)
Saprik –decomposisi lanjut, serat tumbuhan sedikit, kadar air rendah

Hemik –dekomposisi intermedier
Fibrik – dekomposisi ringan, serat-serat masih dapat dikenali

IKHTISAR
Horison Utama: O, A, E, B, C, R
Simbul Sub horizon : g, h, p, t, w and a,e,i
Contoh: Oa, Oe, Oi

Bt
Bg
Btg
Bw
Ap

OTHER
DESIGNATIONS

Pembagian Vertikal
Dicirikan oleh horison utama yang serupa dan/atau ciri-ciri
subordinat yang dipisahkan oleh “derajat”.
Horison Bt
Bt1
Bt2
Bt3

Horison Transisi
Lapisan transisi di antara horison utama.
AE
EB
BE
Karakter Karakter
Dominan Subordinat

Synthesis
Ap
AE
Bh
Btg1
Stages of development of soils across time for a soil in the central United
States under forest.
Btg2 (diunduh dari: http://www.soils.wisc.edu/courses/SS325/formation.htm …
25/2/2013

SOIL
TAXONOMY

TAKSONOMI TANAH
Ada banyak sistem klasifikasi tanah yang digunakan saat ini, masing-masing
memenuhi kebutuhan negara penggunanya. Salah satunya adalah “Soil
Taxonomy”, sisten klasifikasi tanah yg dipakai di USA dan di berbagai negara
dunia lainnya. “Soil Taxonomy” menggunakan konsep tanah sebagai “tubuh
alamiah” dan mendasarkan pada ciri-ciri tanah yang dapat diamati dan
diukur. Sistem ini juga menggunakan tata-nama unik yang mencerminkan
karakteristik utama dari tanah.
Soil Taxonomy utilizes many chemical, physical, and biological properties including soil
moisture and soil temperature status. In addition, the presence or absence of certain
diagnostic horizons in the soil profile helps ascertain the soil's classification
category. A diagnostic horizon is a layer or soil zone whose properties meet certain
criteria specified for the purposes of classification.
Horison penciri (diagnostik) dapat terdiri atas satu atau lebih horison genetik.
Tujuh horison penciri ini disebut “EPIPEDON”, horion permukaan. Delapan-belas
horison penciri bawah-permukaan digunakan untuk mencirikan berbagai tanah
dalam sistem Soil Taxonomy. Selain itu, lima rezim lengas tanah dan sepuluh
rezim suhu tanah membantu untuk mengidentifikasi “kategori” tanah.

KATEGORI TAKSONOMI TANAH
Dalam sistem Soil-Taxonomy, semua tanah di dunia diklasifikasikan dalam kategori

berikut (dari pengelompokkan secara umum hingga “tanah” yg paling spesifik): ordo
(12), subordo (63), great groups (sekitar 250), subgroups (sekitar 1,400), famili (sekitar
8,000), dan seri ( > 20,000).
Semua tanah termasuk ke dalam salah satu dari 12 ordo, yang dari ordo lainnya
terutama oleh adanya atau tidak adanya “HORISON PENCIRI”
Dalam setiap ORDO ada SUB-ORDO yang dibedakan satu sama lainnya oleh
perbedaan rezim lengas-tanah dan rezim suhu-tanah, dan oleh ciri-ciri fisika dan kimia
yang dominan..
In turn, each suborder is subdivided into great groups differing in the presence or
absence of diagnostic horizons (including impervious pans), and in levels of certain
chemicals such as clays and salts.
Each great group is comprised of a number of subgroups that are characterized by a
central (typic) member and by other members that are intergrades toward other orders,
suborders or great groups, or that have characteristics not shared with the typic
member.
Within each subgroup are soil families that vary in properties that are important for plant
growth or for engineering uses of the soil.
Dalam setiap FAMILI ada sejumlah SERI-TANAH, kategori yang paling spesifik dari
sistem klasifikasi ini. SERI-TANAH diidentifikasi dalam survei lokal dan diberi nama
yang “bermakna lokal” (mislanya nama lokasinya).
KLASIFIKASI TANAH / TAKSONOMI
Profil Tanah
Hierarkhis
Berdasarkan karakteristik profil tanah dan

Konsep tanah sebagai tubuh alami.
Ciri-ciri yang tampak: warna, tekstur, struktur,

pH, BO,….…
GENESIS TANAH
1883 V.V. Dukachaev: climate, vegetation, soil
1927 C.F. Marbut (USDA) applied to U.S. (1965)

TERMINOLOGI TAKSONOMI TANAH
Nama kelas tanah mencerminkan ciri-ciri tanah. Tata-nama bersifat logis dan
sederhana. Misalnya, “akar” dari nama-nama ordo tanah diambil dari kata-kata Latin,
Greek, atau salah satu dari bahasa modern. Kepada “akar” ini ditambahkan suatu
sukukata “sols”. Sehingga “akar” dari Mollisols berasal dari bahasa Latin “mollis”,
yang berarti “lunak”, ini mencerminkan ciri tanah yang gembur dan mudah diolah.
The names of specific class members in categories below that of soil orders include
the root elements of the soil order name plus specific formative elements or
expressions that suggest distinctive soil properties. For example, consider the names
of the lower categories of Alfisols and Mollisols that are formed under somewhat dry
conditions (Ustic-Latin ustus, burnt implying dryness), have a natric (high sodium
(Na)) horizon and are typical of the subgroup in which they are classed:

Ordo Alfisols Mollisols
Subordo (kering) Ustalfs Ustolls
Great group (natrik) Natrustalfs Natrustolls
Subgroup (typical) Typic Natrustalfs Typic Natrustolls
Nama famili-tanah menyatakan tekstur tanah, komposisi mineral, dan kelas suhu-
tanah hingga lapisan tanah-atas 50 cm, seperti Typic Natrustolls, smectitik halus,
mesik. Nama Seri-tanah berhubungan dnegan lokasi tempat pertama-kalinya “tanah”
diklasifikasikan (diidentifikasi/dideskripsikan).
HIERARKHI KLASIFIKASI TANAH / TAKSONOMI
Ordo Kingdom
12 Phylum
Subordo Class
63
Order
Great group 250 Family
Genus
Sub group 1400 Species
Famili 8000
Seri 19,000

UNIT-UNIT UNTUK KLASIFIKASI TANAH
Pedon – unit tiga dimensi terkecil yg menyajikan

seluruh sifat dari ciri suatu tanah (luasnya 1-10 m2)
- Unit dasar dari klasifikasi tanah.
Polipedon – kelompok pedon yang berhubungan erat di lapangan
Seri Tanah – class of soils world-wide which share a common

suite of soil profile properties

The two extremes of most soil classification systems are the soil that represents
all soils collectively around the world, and a soil that is a specific natural body
with characteristics that distinguish it from other such natural bodies.
Suatu tanah dapat dikarakterisasikan oleh suatu unit (hipottetis) kecil tiga-dimensi yang
disebut “PEDON”, luasnya sekitar 10 m2 di permukaan. Area ini terlalu kecil untuk
berfungsi sebagai unit klasifikasi lapangan yang praktis. Akan tetapi beberapa PEDON
yang saling bersambungan kontinyu satu-sama lain yang merupakan POLIPEDON pada
akhirnya menjadi apa yang disebut “INDIVIDU TANAH”.
INDIVIDU-TANAH ini setara dengan SERI-TANAH.
Lanskap Polipedon Pedon

Individu Tanah
Profil tanah
Unit sampling tanah
Lanskap
Polipedon
Pedon
Seri Malabar

HORISON PENCIRI
Horison tanah, sifat-ciri dan material
dimaksudkan untuk merefleksikan sifat-
sifat tanah dan yang dapat dipakai
Horison untuk mendeskripsikan dan
Permukaan mendefinisikan kelas-tanah.
Mereka dianggap sebagai “penciri” atau

"diagnostic" kalau memenuhi derajat
ekspresi minimum, yang ditentukan
oleh kenampakannya,
pengukurannya, kepentingannya,
relevansinya dan kriteria kuantitatifnya.
To be considered diagnostic, soil

Horison horizons also require a minimum
Bawah- thickness, which must be appraised in
permukaan relation to bioclimatic factors
(e.g. an albic horizon in boreal regions
is not expected to be as thick as one in
the tropics).

HORISON-PERMUKAAN PENCIRI
Epipedons
Apakah horison Jenuh air > 30 hari
mineral ?
Molik
Umbrik
Okhrik
Histik
Apakah horison
Melanik kaya P2O5 ?
Plaggen
Anthropik
Apakah kejenuhan
basa >50%?
Sumber: http://www.soils.wisc.edu/courses/SS325/organic.htm…….. DIUNDUH 25/2/2013

HORISON PERMUKAAN PENCIRI
X = Florida
Melanik
X
Plaggen
Histik
Molik
X
Umbrik Anthropik
X
Okhrik
X

EPIPEDON MOLIK
Tebal > 18-25 cm

Warna - Color Value < 3.5 lembab
Khroma < 3.5 lembab
C-Organik > 0.6 %
Kejenuhan basa > 50 %
Struktur Sangat berkembang
C-Organik = Bahan organik x 0.5

EPIPEDON UMBRIK
Memenuhi semua kriteria epipedon Molik,

kecuali kejenuhan basanya < 50%
Secara kimiawi berbeda dengan Molik

EPIPEDON OKHRIK
Terlalu: tipis
Mollic
terang warna
miskin BO
Umbric
Okhrik = pucat
Extremely common

EPIPEDON HISTIK
Horison Organik
Terbentuk di daerah basah
Hitam – Coklat tua
Bobot isinya rendah
Tebalnya 20-30 cm
Organik = > 20% - 35% BO.

(kejenuhan air, kadar liat)
EPIPEDON MELANIK
Similar in properties to Mollic
Formed in volcanic ash
Lightweight, Fluffy
HORISON ANTHROPIK
1. Resembles mollic
(color, o.m.)
2. Use by humans
3. Shells and bones
4. Water from humans

Plaggen Epipedon
Produced by long-term (100s yrs.)
manuring
Horison permukaan yang tua dan

hasil aktivitas manusia
Tebalnya > 50 cm

HORISON PERMUKAAN PENCIRI
Epipedon:
Molik
Umbrik Sangat umum
Ochrik
Histik “spesifik”
Melanik
Plaggen
Anthropik Hasil aktivitas manusia

AKUMULASI BAHAN ORGANIK
Akumulasi BO Histik
Mollik, Umbrik
ochrik
waktu
Bahan
induk Vegetasi
tmax = 3000 tahun

DIAGNOSTIC SUB-SURFACE HORIZONS
HORISON
BAWAH-PERMUKAAN
PENCIRI

HORISON BAWAH-PERMUKAAN PENCIRI
Pembentukan/Genesis
Translokasi
Transformasi
Liat Bahan Organik Oksida

HORISON BAWAH-PERMUKAAN
Genesis
Translokasi
Transformasi
Bahan Organik Liat Oksida

Warna gelap Smectites Iron
Logam (Fe, Al) Kaolinite Aluminum
Juga: Garam, Karbonat, Sulfida

Albik Natrik
Argillik Agrik
Spodik Kalsik
Oksik Gipsik Penyebutan Sub-Horizon
Cambik Salik
Kandik Duripan
Sombrik Fragipan
Sulfurik Plasik

Horison Albik (putih)

Warna terang (Value > 6 lembab )
Elluvial (Horison E *)
Miskin liat, oksida Fe dan Al
Umumnya berpasir
Reaktivitas kimiawi rendah (KTK
rendah) albic
Typically overlies Bh or Bt horizons
Warna terang
*Tidak semua horison E adalah horison

albik

Horison Argilik
Illuvial accumulation of silicate clays
Illuvial based on overlying horizon
Jembatan Liat
Selimut Liat

Horizon Argilik Horison Kandik
Tinggi Aktivitas liat Rendah
Necessary Illuviasi liat Not Necessary

Horison Spodik
• Illuvial accumulation of organic matter

and aluminum (+/- iron)
• Dark colored (value, chroma < 3)
• Low base saturation (acidic)
• Formed under humid acid conditions
Spodic

Elluviation and Illuviation
Elluviation (E horizon)
Organic matter Clays

A A
E
E Bh horizon Bt horizon
Bh Bt
Spodic horizon Argillic horizon

Oxic horizon
• Highly weathered (high temperatures, high rainfall)

- High in Fe, Al oxides activity
- High in low-activity clays (kaolinite < smectite < vermiculite)

HORISON PENCIRI = Diagnostic Horizons
Epipedons Subsurface
Mollic Albic
Umbric
Kandic
Ochric
Histic Argillic
Melanic Spodic
Plaggen
Anthropic Oxic
PERMUKAAN BAWAH-PERMUKAAN

SOIL TAXONOMY
1. Diagnostic Epipedons
2. Diagnostic Subsurface
horizons
3. Moisture Regimes
4. Temperature Regimes

DIAGRAM DERAJAT PERKEMBANGAN TANAH
Histosols
(organik)
Gelisols Aridisols
(permafrost) (kering) Alfisols
(liat agak
masam) Ultisols
(liat sngt
masam)
Entisol Oxisols
(recent) (Oksida)
Spodosols
(Horison
Mollisols Spodik)
(Lunak, gelap)
Vertisols
Inceptisols (Liat
(Baru mulai) mengembang)
Andisols
(Vulkanik)
Derajat pelapukan dan perkembangan tanah

Ringan /sedikit Intermediate Kuat
KUNCI ORDO TANAH
Penciri utama Ordo Tanah
Gelisols
Tanah-tanah dengan permafrost di dalam 100 cm atau cryoturbasi dan permafrost di dalam 200 cm Histosols
Tanah-tanah dengan horison spodik di dalam 2 m permuakan tanah dan tanpa ciri andik Spodosols
Tanah-tanah dengan ciri andik (BI rendah, bahan gelas vulkanik, pumice, …) Andisols
Tanah-tanah dengan horison oksik di dalam 150 cm permukaan tanah Oxisols
Tanah-tanah dengan 30% atau lebih liat hingga kedalaman 50 cm dan ciri mengembang-mengkerut Vertisols
Tanah-tanah dengan rezim kelengasan aridik dan menunjukkan perkembangan horison B atau horison salik Aridisols
Tanah-tanah dg horison argilik atau kandik atau fragipan dan kejenuhan basanya <35% pd kedalaman 2 m atau 75 cm di Ultisols
bawah fragipan
Tanah-tanah dg epipedon molik dan kejenuhan basa >50% hingga lapisan kedap atau pd 1.8 m dari permukaan tanah Mollisols
Tanah-tanah dg horison argilik, kandik atau natrik atau fragipan dengan selimut liat Alfisols
Tanah-tanah dg horison kambiki, sulfurik, kalsik, gipsik,petrokalsik, atau petrogipsik, atau dengan epipedon molik, umbrik,
atau histik, atau dengan ESP > 15% , atau fragipan Inceptisols
Entisols
UNSUR PEMBENTUK ORDO
Ordo Tanah Derivasi Unsur
Pembentukan
Alfisols alf.
Andisols Ando = tanah hitam and.
Aridisols aridus = kering id.
Entisols ent.
Gelisols gelid = sangat dingin el.
Histosols histos = jaringan ist.
Inceptisols Inceptum = mulai, awal ept.
Mollisols Mollis = lunak oll.
Oxisols Oxide = oksida ox.
Spodosols Spodos = abu kayu od.
Ultisols Ultimus = akhir ult.
Vertisols Verto = membalik ert.
UNSUR FORMATIF
Unsur Formatif Konotasi unsur formatif
alb Adanya horison albik (horison eluvial yang tercuci)
anthr Adanya epipedon anthropik atau epipedon plaggen
aqu Karakteristik yang berhubungan dnegan kebasahan
ar Horison tercampur / campuran
arg Adanya horisom argilik (horison dnegan liat iluvial)
calc Adanya horison kalsik
camb Adanya horison kambik
Cry Dingin
Clur Adanya duripan
fibr Fase dekomposisi ringan / awal
fluv Dataran banjir
fol Massa dedaunan
gyps Adanya horiosn gipsik
hem Fase dekompoisisi intermedier
UNSUR FORMATIF
Hist Adanya epipedon Histik
Hum Adanya bahan organik
orth Paling lazim
per Iklim humid sepanjang tahun, rezim air perudik
psamm Tekstur pasir
rend Rendzinalike – kaya karbonat
sal Adanya horison salik (saline)
sapr Fase dekomposisi lanjut
torr Biasanya kering
turb Cryoturbasi
ud Iklim humid
ust Iklim kering, biasanya panas selama summer
vitr Menyerupai gelas
xer Sumer kering, winter lembab
KUNCI TAKSONOMI TANAH: ORDO
GELISOLS
Tanah-tanah yang mempunyai:
1. Permafrost di dalam 100 cm tanah permukaan; atau
2. Material Gelik di dalam 100 cm tanah permukaan dan
permafrost di dalam 200 cm tanah permukaan.
HISTOSOLS
1. Do not have andic soil properties in 60 percent or more of the thickness between the soil
surface and either a depth of 60 cm or a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact or duripan if
shallower; and
2. Mempunyai material tanah organik yg memenuhi satu atau lebih berikut:
• Overlie cindery, fragmental, or pumiceous materials and/or fill their interstices 1 and directly
below these materials, have a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact; or
• When added with the underlying cindery, fragmental, or pumiceous materials, total 40 cm or
more between the soil surface and a depth of 50 cm; or
• Constitute two-thirds or more of the total thickness of the soil to a densic, lithic, or paralithic
contact and have no mineral horizons or have mineral horizons with a total thickness of 10
cm or less; or
• Jenuh air selama 30 hari atau lebih per tahun pada tahun-tahun normal (atau drainage
buatan), mempunyai batas atas di dalam 40 cm tanah permukaan, dan mempunyai tebal
total :
• 60 cm atau lebih kalau tiga-perempat atau lebih volumenya terdiri atas serat-moss
atau kalau bobot-isinya pada kondisi lembab kurang dari 0.1 g/cm 3; ATAU
• 40 cm atau lebih kalau terdiri atas material saprik atau hemik, atau material fibrik
dengan kurang dari tiga-perempat (volumenya) serat-moss dan bobot isinya pd
kondisi lembab 0.1 g/cm3 atau lebih.
SPODOSOLS
Other soils that do not have a plaggen epipedon or an argillic or kandic horizon above a spodic horizon, and have one or more of the
following:
A spodic horizon, an albic horizon in 50 percent or more of each pedon, and a cryic soil temperature regime; or
An Ap horizon containing 85 percent or more spodic materials; or
A spodic horizon with all of the following characteristics:
One or more of the following:
A thickness of 10 cm or more; or
An overlying Ap horizon; or
Cementation in 50 percent or more of each pedon; or
A coarse-loamy, loamy-skeletal, or finer particle-size class and a frigid temperature regime in the soil; or
A cryic temperature regime in the soil; and
An upper boundary within the following depths from the mineral soil surface: either
Less than 50 cm; or
Less than 200 cm if the soil has a sandy particle-size class in at least some part between the mineral soil surface and
the spodic horizon; and
A lower boundary as follows:
Either at a depth of 25 cm or more below the mineral soil surface or at the top of a duripan or fragipan or at a densic,
lithic, paralithic, or petroferric contact, whichever is shallowest; or
At any depth,
If the spodic horizon has a coarse-loamy, loamy-skeletal, or finer particle-size class and the soil has a frigid
temperature regime; or
If the soil has a cryic temperature regime; and
Either:
A directly overlying albic horizon in 50 percent or more of each pedon; or
No andic soil properties in 60 percent or more of the thickness either:
Within 60 cm either of the mineral soil surface or of the top of an organic layer with andic soil properties,
whichever is shallower, if there is no densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, duripan, or petrocalcic horizon within that
depth; or
Between either the mineral soil surface or the top of an organic layer with andic soil properties, whichever is
shallower, and a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, a duripan, or a petrocalcic horizon.
ANDISOLS
Tanah-tanah lain yang mempunyai ciri andik dalam 60 % atau lebih
ketebalannya, yaitu:
1. Within 60 cm either of the mineral soil surface or of the top of an

organic layer with andic soil properties, whichever is shallower, if
there is no densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, duripan, or
petrocalcic horizon within that depth; or
2. Between either the mineral soil surface or the top of an organic

layer with andic soil properties, whichever is shallower, and a
densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, a duripan, or a petrocalcic
horizon.
OXISOLS
Tanah-tanah lain yang mempunyai:
1. Horison oksik yang batas atasnya di dalam 150 cm tanah

permukaan (mineral) dan tidak ada horison kandik yang batas
atasnya di dalam kedalaman 150 cm tersebut; ATAU
2. 40 percent or more (by weight) clay in the fine-earth fraction

between the mineral soil surface and a depth of 18 cm (after
mixing) and a kandic horizon that has the weatherable-mineral
properties of an oxic horizon and has its upper boundary within
100 cm of the mineral soil surface.
VERTISOLS
Tanah-tanah lain yang mempunyai:
1. Lapisan yg tebalnya 25 cm atau lebih, dengan batas-atasnya di

dalam 100 cm tanah (mineral) permukaan, yang mempunyai
bidang-bidang geser atau agregat berbentuk “wedge” yg
mempunyai sumbu-panjangnya 10 - 60 derajat dari horisontal;
dan
2. A weighted average of 30 percent or more clay in the fine-earth
fraction either between the mineral soil surface and a depth of 18
cm or in an Ap horizon, whichever is thicker, and 30 percent or
more clay in the fine-earth fraction of all horizons between a
depth of 18 cm and either a depth of 50 cm or a densic, lithic, or
paralithic contact, a duripan, or a petrocalcic horizon if shallower;
dan
3. Retakan-retakan di permukaan, yang membuka dan menutup
secara periodik.
ARIDISOLS
Tanah-tanah lainnya yang :
MEMPUNYAI:
1. Rezim lengas-tanah ARIDIK; dan
2. Epipedon ochric atau anthropic; dan
3. One or more of the following with the upper boundary within 100 cm
of the soil surface: a cambic horizon with a lower depth of 25 cm or
more; a cryic temperature regime and a cambic horizon; a calcic,
gypsic, petrocalcic, petrogypsic, or salic horizon; or a duripan; or
4. Horison argillic atau natric; atau

MEMPUNYAI Horison Salik ; dan
5. Jenuh air pada satu lapisan atau lebih di dalam 100 cm tanah
permukaan selama satu bulan atau lebih dalam satu tahun normal;
dan
6. A moisture control section that is dry in some or all parts at some
time during normal years; and
7. Tidak ada horison sulfurik yang batas-atasnya di dalam 150 cm tanah
(mineral) permukaan.
ULTISOLS
Tanah-tanah lainnya yang mempunyai:
Horison argillik atau kandik, tetapi tidak ada fragipan, dan kejenuhan basa (total kation) kurang dari
35 % pada salah satu kedalaman berikut:
If the epipedon has a sandy or sandy-skeletal particle-size class throughout, either:
1. 125 cm below the upper boundary of the argillic horizon (but no deeper than 200 cm
below the mineral soil surface) or 180 cm below the mineral soil surface, whichever is
deeper; or
2. At a densic, lithic, paralithic, or petroferric contact if shallower; or
The shallowest of the following depths:
3. 125 cm below the upper boundary of the argillic or kandic horizon; or
4. 180 cm below the mineral soil surface; or
5. At a densic, lithic, paralithic, or petroferric contact; or

Fragipan dan dua-hal berikut ini:
1. Either an argillic or a kandic horizon above, within, or below it or clay films 1 mm or more
thick in one or more of its subhorizons; and
2. A base saturation (by sum of cations) of less than 35 percent at the shallowest of the
following depths:
75 cm below the upper boundary of the fragipan; or
200 cm below the mineral soil surface; or
3. At a densic, lithic, paralithic, or petroferric contact.
MOLLISOLS
Tanah-tanah lainnya yang mempunyai dua hal berikut:
1. Either:
1. Epipedon Molik; atau
2. Both a surface horizon that meets all the requirements for a mollic
epipedon except thickness after the soil has been mixed to a depth of
18 cm and a subhorizon more than 7.5 cm thick, within the upper part
of an argillic, kandic, or natric horizon, that meets the color, organic-
carbon content, base saturation, and structure requirements of a
mollic epipedon but is separated from the surface horizon by an albic
horizon; and

2. Kejenuhan basa 50 % atau lebih (metode NH4OAc) dalam semua horison
yg terletak : di antara batas-atas horison argillic, kandic, atau natrik dan
kedalaman 125 cm di bawah batas-atas tersebut; ATAU horison di antara
permukaan tanah mineral dan kedalaman 180 cm; ATAU horison-horison
di antara permukaan tanah mineral dan kontak-densik, kontak-litik atau
kontak paralitik yang paling dangkal.
ALFISOLS
Tanah-tanah lainnya yang tidak mempunyai epipedon

plaggen, dan mempunyai:
1. Horison argillik, kandik, atau natrik; atau

2. Fragipan yang mempunyai selimut liat tebalnya 1 mm
atau lebih di dalam profilnya.
INCEPTISOLS
Tanah-tanah lainnya yang mempunyai:
Satu atau lebih sifat-sifat berikut:
1. A cambic horizon with its upper boundary within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface and its
lower boundary at a depth of 25 cm or more below the mineral soil surface; or
2. A calcic, petrocalcic, gypsic, petrogypsic, or placic horizon or a duripan with an upper
boundary within a depth of 100 cm of the mineral soil surface; or
3. A fragipan or an oxic, sombric, or spodic horizon with an upper boundary within 200 cm of
the mineral soil surface; or
4. A sulfuric horizon that has its upper boundary within 150 cm of the mineral soil surface; or
5. A cryic temperature regime and a cambic horizon; or

Tidak ada material sulfidik di dalam 50 cm permukaan tanah mineral; dan kedua hal berikut:
6. In one or more horizons between 20 and 50 cm below the mineral soil surface, either an n
value of 0.7 or less or less than 8 percent clay in the fine-earth fraction; and
7. Satu atau dua hal berikut:
1. Horison salik atau epipedon histic, mollic, plaggen, atau umbrik; atau
2. Dalam 50 % atau lebih lapisan-lapisan yg terletak di antara permukaan tanah
mineral dan kedalaman 50 cm, ESP sebesar 15 atau lebih (atau SAR 13 atau
lebih), yang menurun nilainya dengan meningkatnya kedalaman di bawah 50 cm,
dan juga groundwater di dalam 100 cm permukaan tanah mineral selama beberapa
waktu dalam setahun pada saat tanah tidak beku.
ENTISOLS
Tanah-tanah lainnya.
Entisols:
Tanah-tanah yang baru terbentuk

1. Permukaan lahan yang snagat muda (alluvium, colluvium,
mudflows)
2. Batuan sangat keras
3. Bahan induk berpasir
4. Material yang terganggu (mis. Lahan tambang, tanah-tanah yg
sangat padat, material toksik)
5. Transisi antara 'soils' dan 'not soils'
DESKRIPSI RINGKAS ORDO
ALFISOLS
Alfisols:
Alfisols develop in humid and
High to medium base status soils with
subhumid climates, have average argillic horizons
annual precipitation of 500-1300 1. Most Alfisols are present on relative
mm. They are frequently under old landscapes (beginning Holocene
forest vegetation. or older) whereever the supply of
primary minerals is plentiful
Characteristic features: Clay 2. They also occur on glacial drift
accumulation in a Bt horizon, 3. A wide variety of clay minerals ® high
thick E horizon, available water cation exchange capacity
much of the growing season,
slightly to moderately acid.
Sumber:. …….. DIUNDUH 15/2/2013

ALFISOLS
Are found under conditions of mild

acid weathering common under broad
leafed forests and savannas.
Suborders include Aqualfs (wet),
Cryalfs (cold), Udalfs (humid), Ustalfs
(moist/dry), and Xeralfs (dry
summers). About 10% of the land
area is classified as Alfisols globally.
Alfisols have an Argillic (high clay)

subsurface horizon that is at least
35% saturated with non-acid cations.
In general, Alfisols are quite
productive.
When properly managed, limed, and

fertilized they rank with Mollisols in
their crop productive capacity.
ANDISOLS Andisols:
Soils with andic soil properties
Andisols are soils with over 60 % 1. Pyroclastic deposits (volcanic ejecta)
volcanic ejecta (ash, cinder, such as ash, pumice, cinders, and
pumice, basalt) with bulk lava
densities below 900 kg/m3. 2. Characteristic:
3. vitric material or volcanic glass,

Characteristic features: Dark A which are dominated by
horizon, early-stage secondary amorphous, short-range-order
minerals (allophane, imogolite, minerals
ferrihydrite clays), high 4. low bulk density < 0.9 g/cm3
adsorption and immobilization of
phosphorus, very high cation 5. Allophane and imogolite are common
exchange capacitity. early-stage residual weathering
products of volcanic glass

ANDISOLS
Are developed on recent volcanic ejecta and

have been subjected to only mildweathering.
Suborders are divided by temperature and
moisture regime as for Inceptisols (Aquands
and so on), plus Torrands (hot, dry) and
Vitrands (high in volcanic glass).
Though limited in their extent, Andisols are

very productive. They are commonly located at
high elevations near the volcanos. Andisols
are dark in color, low in density, and are quite
easily managed.
Their colloidal fraction is dominated by poorly
crystallized minerals such as allophane and
imogolite, giving these soils a high capacity to
hold phosphorus in unavailable forms, a
problem surmountable with judicious use of
manures and fertilizers.
ARIDISOLS Aridisols
Aridisols berkembang di Tanah-tanah dari daerah kering

1. Wide variety of parent material:
daerah iklim kering. 2. Glacial drift
3. Crystalline rocks
Charactersitic features: 4. Fluvial and eolian deposits
(unconsolidated material)
horizons of lime or gypsum 5. Parent material rich in sand-sized
accumulation, salty layers, particles
and/or A and Bt horizons. 6. Gypsiferous material formed from
sedimentary rocks
7. Batukapur = Limestone.

ARIDISOLS
Are dry soils. They are found globally on about 12% of
the land area, and are prominent in the western part of
the United States. Seven suborders are recognized,
Argids (clay), Calcids (calcium carbonate), Gypsids
(gypsum), Natrids (high sodium, natric horizon), Durids
(duripan), Salids (soluble salts) and Cambids (only a
cambic horizon with no other diagnostic subsurface
horizons). Most Aridisols are either Argids or Cambids
(most Cambids were formerly classified as Orthids).
They support a diversity of desert flora and fauna, and

are used to some extent for low-intensity grazing of sheep
and goats, but their productivity is generally low.
When irrigated, however, these soils can be very

productive especially if supplementary nutrients are
supplied through manure or chemical fertilizers. In any
case, care must be taken not to over exploit these soils.

ENTISOLS Llittle if any profile development, include
Aquents (wet), Arents (plow induced),
Entisols have no profile development Fluvents (alluvial deposits), Orthents
except a shallow marginal A horizon. (typical), and Psamments (sandy)
Many recent river floodplains, volcanic suborders. They occur under varied
ash deposits, unconsolidated deposits environmental conditions, their
with horizons eroded away, and sands properties being controlled largely by the
are Entisols. parent materials from which they form
Characteristically have A/C or A/R since minimal soil development has
profiles, exhibit only ephemeral soil occurred. Their productivity varies
development - largely confined to surface greatly, from very fertile alluvial soils
horizon. May have an Ap horizon. (fluvents) to recently deposited sandy
(psamments), and shallow rocky soils.
Suborders: Sustainable management practices vary
1. Aquents - exhibit wetness features from intensive cropping of alluvial soils
2. Arents - distinctive plow layer to maintenance of natural vegetation on
3. Fluvents - formed in alluvial deposists some sandy areas and steep slopes.
4. Orthents - loamy or clayey textures
5. Psamments - sandy textures

ENTISOLS
Llittle if any profile development, include

Aquents (wet), Arents (plow induced), Fluvents
(alluvial deposits), Orthents (typical), and
Psamments (sandy) suborders.
They occur under varied environmental
conditions, their properties being controlled
largely by the parent materials from which they
form since minimal soil development has
occurred.
Their productivity varies greatly, from very
fertile alluvial soils (fluvents) to recently
deposited sandy (psamments), and shallow
rocky soils. Sustainable management
practices vary from intensive cropping of
alluvial soils to maintenance of natural
vegetation on some sandy areas and steep
slopes.

GELISOLS
The central concept of Gelisols are soils

with gelic materials underlain by
Suborders:
permafrost. Diagnostic horizons may or
may not be present. Permafrost
influences pedogenesis by acting as a 1. Histels - histic epipedon
barrier to the downward movement of 2. Turbels - evidence of
the soil solution. cryoturbation
Cryoturbation (frost mixing) is an 3. Orthels - other Glelisols.
important process in many Gelisols and
results in irregular or broken horizons,
involutions, organic matter accumulation
on the permafrost table, oriented rock
fragments, and silt caps on rock
fragments. Cryoturbation occurs when
two freezing fronts, one from the surface
and the other from the permafrost,
merge during freeze-back in the autumn.

Gley soils
Precipitasi > evaporasi
Paku dan Lumut

Berumput / semak-belukar kecil-kecil
A
Silty texture
Horizon
Warna hitan dan humus masam (mor)
B Glei warna kelabu-biru, terganang

Horizon
Fragmen batuan Angular
Waterlogged
Permafrost
C
Bahan induk
Horizon
Impermeable
clay
GELISOLS
Are soils with permanently frozen

layers (permafrost) in the upper 1 m, or
in the upper 2 m if horizons display
cryoturbation. They may have a histic,
umbric, calcic or mollic diagnostic
horizon. The three suborders of
Gelisols are Histels (organic material),
Turbels (cryoturbation), and Orthels
(no special features).
These soils are found in very cold

regions and are therefore of very
limited agricultural significance. They
typically support tundra vegetation.

HISTOSOLS
Histosols are organic soils (peat and

Histosols
mucks) consisting of variable depths of
accumulated plant remains in bogs, Organic soils
marshes, and swamps.
Organic soils, see definition of Histic Organic material (e.g.
epipedon for minimum limits on organic
carbon, but note that most Histosols peats, bogs, wetlands)
exceed depth requirements for histic
epipedon.
Suborders:
1. Folists -leaf mat accumulations above
R horizon
2. Fibrists - slight decomposition
3. Hemists - intermediate decomposition
4. Saprists - highly decoposed

HISTOSOLS
Are organic soils mainly formed in wetland
accumulations of plant residues. The four suborders
are Fibrist (fibers of plants obvious), Folists (leaf mat
accumulations), Hemists (fibers partly decomposed),
and Saprists (fibers not recognizable). Even though
they cover only 1% of the earth's land surface,
Histosols are found all over the world. They are most
extensive in cool and cold climates. They are light in
weight and have high water holding capacities per unit
mass. When drained and fertilized they are quite
productive, being used extensively for flower and
vegetable production.
The peat is also used for containerized plant
production and as a landscaping mulch. The water
level in drained Histosols should be maintained as
high as crop production will permit to reduce oxidation
of the peat and wind erosion of the soil. Also, some
drained Histosols should best be returned to wetland
conditions to provide habitats for wild species.

INCEPTISOLS
Inceptisols
Inceptisols, especially in humid regions, have
weak to moderated horizon development. Embryonic soils with few diagnostic
Horizon development have been retarded features
because of cold climated, waterloged soils, or 1. Glacial deposits
lack of time for stronger development. 2. Recent deposits in valleys or
Characteristic feature: Texture has to be finer deltas
than loamy very fine sand. 3. Most Inceptisols occur on
geologically young sediments
Characterized by ochric epipedon and (e.g. alluvium, colluvium, loess)
incipient B horizon development (Cambic ~ 4. Parent materials which are
Bw) highly calcareous or resistant to
Suborders: weathering inhibit soil
1. Aquepts - exhibit wetness features development but favor the
2. Anthrepts - anthropic or plaggen epipedon development of Inceptisols
3. Cryepts - cryic soil temp. regime
4. Ustepts - ustic soil moist. regime
5. Xerepts - xeric soil moist. regime
6. Udepts - other Inceptisols (i.e., udic soil
moist. regime)
INCEPTISOLS
Have a few diagnostic features, the
process of soil formation being in its
early stages. Suborders for
Inceptisols, as for most other orders,
include those with very cold
temperature regimes (Cryepts), and
those with moisture regimes that are
wet (Aquents), humid (Udepts),
alternately moist and dry (Ustepts),
and dry in summer but moist in winter
(Xerepts).
Inceptisols are about as variable as

Entisols and have equally variable
management requirements.

Mollisols:
Grassland soils of steppes and prairies

MOLLISOLS (base rich soils)
1. Deposits and landscapes with a wide
range of ages
Mollisols are frequently under
2. Many Mollisols are formed on deposits
grassland, but with some
associated with glaciation
broadleaf forest-covered soils.
(unconsolidated quaternary materials)
- calcareous rich aolian deposits
Characteristic features:
supported the formation of Mollisols
Deep, dark A horizons, they may
have B horizons and lime
3. However, in other areas they develop
accumulation.
in residuum weathered from
sedimentary rocks

MOLLISOLS
Dark soils of grasslands, are among the

world's most productive, having high
organic matter contents and good physical
condition. Suborders include Albolls (albic
horizon), Aquolls (wet), Cryolls (cold),
Rendolls (calcareous), Udolls (humid),
Ustolls (moist/dry), and Xerolls (dry
summers/moist winter).
Large areas of Mollisolls are found in the

Great Plains of the North America, the
steppes of Russia,, and the grasslands of
Central Asia and China. Many areas are
intensively used for grain production.

Oxisols:
OXISOLS Low-activity soils
Oxisols are excessively 1. Highly weathered transported material
weathered, whereas few original 2. Old fluvial terraces
minerals are left unweathered. 3. On high-lying old erosion surfaces
They develop only in tropical 4. The most extensive areas of Oxisols
and subtropical climates. are in sediments that have been
reworked during several erosional and
Characteristic features: Often depositional cycles
Oxisols are over 3 m deep, have 5. Materials which weather rapidly
low fertility, have dominantely 6. Parent material which consists of
iron and aluminium clays, and quartz, 1:1 type clays, iron and
are acid. aluminum oxides

OXISOLS
Are the most highly weathered of the soil
orders, being most prominent in the humid
tropics where rain forest is the dominant
natural vegetation. Six suborders are
found: Aquox (wet), Perox (very humid),
Torrox (hot/dry), Udox (humid), and Ustox
(moist/dry).
They have a deep oxic subsurface horizon
dominated by oxides of iron and aluminum.
Primary minerals have been essentially all
destroyed. Non-sticky low activity clays
prevail so the soils are physically well
structured but chemically poor.
Their nutrient-supplying power is low and
much of the soil nutrient supply is
associated with the organic matter that
occurs in the surface horizons.

SPODOSOLS Spodosols:
Tanah-tanah yang subsoilnya menjadi tempat
Spodosols merupakan tanah akumulasi humus dan sesquioksida
berpasir, tanah-tanah tercuci di 1. Typically, Spodosols are formed in very
daerah hutan pinus dingin. coarse silty or coarser (i.e., increase in
sand) textured material (e.g. sandy loam,
Karakteristiknya: loamy sand, sand)
Horison O, profil sangat masam, 2. Spodosols occur in late-Pleistocene or
horison E tercuci, Horison Bh Holocene deposits (Ca leached before
spodic horizon developed)
atau Bs akumulasi bahan organik
3. Siliceous or leached carbonaceous parent
plus oksida besi dan aluminium. materials favor the development of
Spodosols
4. Bahan-bahan terlapuk dari batuan miskin
Ca dan Mg (mis. sandstone, granite)

SPODOSOLS
Are extremely acid soils of forested areas in moist
(usually cold) regions where coarse-textured parent
materials are present. Spodosols are found in
about 3% of the land area in the United States and
globally. The suborders include: Aquods (wet),
Cryods (icy cold), Humods (humus), and Orthods
(typical).
Because of their high acidity and coarse texture,
these soils are not naturally very fertile. They are
poorly buffered, especially in the lower horizons,
and so associated watersheds are quite susceptible
to acid rain damage. When heavily fertilized,
however, they can become quite productive as
evidenced by the potato growing areas of Maine.
Most are used for coniferous forest production.

Where continued crop production is practiced,
excessive applications of chemical fertilizers must
be avoided to prevent the buildup of chemicals in
drainage waters to undesirable levels.

.
ULTISOLS Ultisols:
Ultisols are ectensively Low base status soils
weathered soils of tropical 1. Parent materials which contain few basic
and subtropical climates. cations such as siliceous crystalline rocks
(e.g. granite)
Characteristic features: Thick 2. Sedimentary material that is relatively poor in
bases (e.g. highly weathered coastal plain
A horizon, clay accumulation
sediment)
in a Bt, strongly acid. 3. Most of geologically old landscapes are
covered by parent material rich in silica but
poor in bases
4. There are some Ultisols formed in parent
material with higher base status and less
weathered material (e.g. volcanic ash, basic
ignenous or metamorphic rocks):
5. Basic parent material - high precipitation -
rapid weathering - rapid leaching of bases.

ULTISOLS
Are highly weathered soils developed under

forests in the humid tropics and subtropics.
They are more highly weathered and acidic
than Alfisols, but less weathered than Oxisols.
Suborders are Aquults (wet), Humults (high
humus), Udults (humid), Ustults (moist/dry),
and Xerults (dry summers).
They occur on 9% of the land areas in the
worldwide. In tropical areas they are found in
association with Oxisols.
Ultisols are not naturally as productive as

Mollisols or Alfisols, but when properly fertilized
and managed they produce well.
The clays present in Ultisols are mostly of the

non-sticky low activity type which helps assure
easy workability of these soils in the field.
Vertisols:
VERTISOLS
Shrinking and swelling dark clay soils
Vertisols exist most in temperate to tropical climated with
1. Wide range of parent material including
distinct wet and dry seasons. They have a high content alluvial, colluvial and lacustrine deposits
of clays that swell when wetted and show cracks when 2. Marl and other calcareaous rocks,
dry. Characteristic features: Deep self-mixed A horizon , limestone, shales, igneous,
top soil falls into cracks seasonally, gradually mixing the metamorphic and volcanic rocks of
soil to the depth of the cracking. basic nature
Mineral soils that (i) are over 50cm thick, (ii) have more 3. Unconsolidated sediments which are
dominantely basic in character and low
than 30% clay in all horizons, and (iii) have cracks at
in quartz
least 1 cm wide to depth of 50 cm at some time in most 4. The parent material although variable in
years (unless irrigated). Conditions that give rise to origin, are rich in feldspars and ferro-
Vertisols are: (i) parent materials that are high in, or that magnesian minerals and yield clay
weather to form, large amounts of 2:1 expanding clay residues on weathering
and (ii) occur in a climate with a pronounced wet and dry 5. Vertisols may develop in situ from the
season - sufficient to promote cracking. parent materials. The smectites in these
soils could be derived from the original
Suborders:
rock or form as a result of neogenesis
1. Torrerts - see Aridic-type moisture regime or transformations from primary
2. Uderts - see Udic moisture regime minerals.
3. Usterts - see Ustic moisture regime 6. Characteristics: high clay content
4. Xererts - see Xeric moisture regime (predominance of 2:1 type expanding
5. Cryerts - see Cryic temperature regime clay -> montmorillonite, smectite)

VERTISOLS
Are characterized by high levels of swelling-

type clays. Suborders include Aquerts (wet),
Cryerts (cold), Torrerts (hot/dry), Uderts
(humid), Usterts (moist/dry), and Xererts (very
dry).
Vertisols are sticky and plastic when wet, and

hard and cloddy when dry. This complicates
their proper management especially by poor
farmers with little or no access to power
equipment to handle these heavy soils.
Despite their limitations, Vertisols are widely

tilled. However if conservation practices and
mechanized equipment are not available to till
the soil promptly at just the right moisture
content, yields can be low and the soils are
subject to severe erosion if the land is sloping.
DIAGRAM DERAJAT PERKEMBANGAN TANAH
KUNCI ORDO TANAH
UNSUR PEMBENTUK ORDO
Ordo Tanah Derivasi Unsur
Pembentukan
Alfisols alf.
Andisols Ando = tanah hitam and.
Aridisols aridus = kering id.
Entisols ent.
Gelisols gelid = sangat dingin el.
Histosols histos = jaringan ist.
Inceptisols Inceptum = mulai, awal ept.
Mollisols Mollis = lunak oll.
Oxisols Oxide = oksida ox.
Spodosols Spodos = abu kayu od.
Ultisols Ultimus = akhir ult.
Vertisols Verto = membalik ert.
UNSUR FORMATIF
alb Adanya horison albik (horison eluvial yang tercuci)
anthr Adanya epipedon anthropik atau epipedon plaggen
aqu Karakteristik yang berhubungan dnegan kebasahan
ar Horison tercampur / campuran
arg Adanya horisom argilik (horison dnegan liat iluvial)
calc Adanya horison kalsik
camb Adanya horison kambik
Cry Dingin
Clur Adanya duripan
fibr Fase dekomposisi ringan / awal
fluv Dataran banjir
fol Massa dedaunan
gyps Adanya horiosn gipsik
hem Fase dekompoisisi intermedier
UNSUR FORMATIF
Hist Adanya epipedon Histik
Hum Adanya bahan organik
orth Paling lazim
per Iklim humid sepanjang tahun, rezim air perudik
psamm Tekstur pasir
rend Rendzinalike – kaya karbonat
sal Adanya horison salik (saline)
sapr Fase dekomposisi lanjut
torr Biasanya kering
turb Cryoturbasi
ud Iklim humid
ust Iklim kering, biasanya panas selama summer
vitr Menyerupai gelas
xer Sumer kering, winter lembab
Kondisi Tanah di hutan jati pada musim kemarau
Sumber: foto.smno.saradan.htjati.nop2012

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MORFOLOGI TANAH

SOIL MORPHOLOGY - SIFAT-SIFAT TANAH yang dapat DIAMATI di

C.F. Marbut championed reliance on soil morphology instead of on theories of

Sifat-sifat yang dapat diamati dan dideskripsikan di lapangan meliputi: komposition,

Observasi lapangan biasanya dilakukan pada suatu PROFIL TANAH.

Sumber: . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_morphology …….. DIUNDUH 25/2/2013

HORISON TANAH merupakan “lapisan” yang sejajar dnegan

Setiap tanah mempunyai minimum satu horison, biasanya tiga atau

Horizons dicirikan oleh sifat-sifat fisikanya, terutama warna dan

Sifat-sifat ini dapat dideskripsikan secara absolut (mis. Distribusi

Sumber: . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_horizon …….. DIUNDUH 25/2/2013

Sumber: . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_horizon …….. DIUNDUH 25/2/2013

Sistem Internasional saat ini:

Sumber: . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_classification …….. DIUNDUH 25/2/2013

Untuk dapat mengelola lahan dengan tepat kita harus

Sistem klasifikasi memungkinkan kita untuk

Contoh klasifikasi suatu Tipe Tanah:

Sumber: . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA_soil_taxonomy …….. DIUNDUH 25/2/2013

Sumber: . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA_soil_taxonomy …….. DIUNDUH 25/2/2013

Informasi tentang tanah

Sumber: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../Lecture%2023%20Soil%20Taxonomy.ppt …….. DIUNDUH 15/2/2013

Pembeda Subordinate di dalam Horison Utama

Sumber: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../Lecture%2023%20Soil%20Taxonomy.ppt …….. DIUNDUH 15/2/2013

Horison permukaan yang terganggu (kultivasi, pasture,

Ap -- 0 - 12 inch; coklat tua (10YR 3/3) Lempung liat

Sumber: http://nesoil.com/images/paxton.htm …… DIUNDUH 15/2/2013

Contoh deskripsi Horison Bt:

B21 -- 12 - 22 inch; coklat tua (7.5YR

Sumber: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../Lecture%2023%20Soil%20Taxonomy.ppt …….. DIUNDUH 15/2/2013

Photographs showing redoximorphic features (soil mottling) which are color

Sumber: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../Lecture%2023%20Soil%20Taxonomy.ppt …….. DIUNDUH 15/2/2013

Sumber: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../Lecture%2023%20Soil Sumber:

Sumber: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../Lecture%2023%20Soil%20Taxonomy.ppt …….. DIUNDUH 15/2/2013

Horison oksik mempunyai:

a. The CEC7 < 16cmol(+)/kg of clay and an ECEC

b. < 10% mineral dapat lapuk dalam fraksi pasir

c. Struktur batuan < 5%

Sumber: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../Lecture%2023%20Soil%20Taxonomy.ppt …….. DIUNDUH 15/2/2013

Sumber: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../Lecture%2023%20Soil%20Taxonomy.ppt …….. DIUNDUH 15/2/2013

Sumber: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../Lecture%2023%20Soil%20Taxonomy.ppt …….. DIUNDUH 15/2/2013

Oa – dekomposisi lanjut (saprik)

Saprik –decomposisi lanjut, serat tumbuhan sedikit, kadar air rendah

Sumber: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../Lecture%2023%20Soil%20Taxonomy.ppt …….. DIUNDUH 15/2/2013

Simbul Sub horizon : g, h, p, t, w and a,e,i

Contoh: Oa, Oe, Oi

Sumber: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../Lecture%2023%20Soil%20Taxonomy.ppt …….. DIUNDUH 15/2/2013

Sumber: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../Lecture%2023%20Soil%20Taxonomy.ppt …….. DIUNDUH 15/2/2013

Sumber: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../Lecture%2023%20Soil%20Taxonomy.ppt …….. DIUNDUH 15/2/2013

Lapisan transisi di antara horison utama.

Sumber: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../Lecture%2023%20Soil%20Taxonomy.ppt …….. DIUNDUH 15/2/2013

Sumber: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../Lecture%2023%20Soil%20Taxonomy.ppt …….. DIUNDUH 15/2/2013

Sumber: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../Lecture%2023%20Soil%20Taxonomy.ppt …….. DIUNDUH 15/2/2013

Sumber: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../Lecture%2023%20Soil%20Taxonomy.ppt …….. DIUNDUH 15/2/2013

Dalam sistem Soil-Taxonomy, semua tanah di dunia diklasifikasikan dalam kategori

Berdasarkan karakteristik profil tanah dan

Ciri-ciri yang tampak: warna, tekstur, struktur,

1883 V.V. Dukachaev: climate, vegetation, soil

1927 C.F. Marbut (USDA) applied to U.S. (1965)

Sumber: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../Lecture%2023%20Soil%20Taxonomy.ppt …….. DIUNDUH 15/2/2013

Pedon – unit tiga dimensi terkecil yg menyajikan

Polipedon – kelompok pedon yang berhubungan erat di lapangan

Seri Tanah – class of soils world-wide which share a common

Sumber: soillab.ifas.ufl.edu/.../Lecture%2023%20Soil%20Taxonomy.ppt …….. DIUNDUH 15/2/2013