Introduction

Concrete is a composite construction material

composed of cement (commonly Portland cement)
and other cementitious materials such as fly ash
and slag cement
cement,, aggregate (generally a coarse
aggregate made of gravels or crushed rocks such
as limestone
limestone,, or granite
granite,, plus a fine aggregate
such as sand
sand),
), water
water,, and chemical admixtures
admixtures..
Concrete is used more than any other man man--made
material in the world
world.. As of 2006,
2006, about 7.5 cubic
kilometers of concrete are made each year year²
²
more than one cubic metre for every person on
Earth
 he Cement and Concrete Industry
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he Cement and Concrete Industry
Cement and Concrete manufacturing

Sand

Clay Gypsum Gravel

ëime Kiln Clinker Mill Cement Mixer

Iron Additions Admixtures

Water
Advances in Concrete Technology
Concrete Materials
Use of recycled materials in concrete
Concrete Mixture Proportioning
Concrete Mechanical Properties
Concrete Durability Properties
Concrete tests
Concrete Construction Control
 Concrete materials
he development of chemical admixtures has
revolutionized concrete technology in the last fifty
years..
years

= Air entraining admixtures

= Accelerators
= Retarders
= Water reducers
= Corrosion inhibitors
 |se of recycled materials in
concrete
he replacement of Portland cement by fly ash or GGBFS(ground
granulated blast furnace slag) reduces the volumes of cement utilized which
is a major benefit since the cement manufacture is a significant source of
carbon dioxide emissions worldwide
worldwide..

Replacement of clinker
= Clinker manufacturing accounts for 90
90%% of fuel and energy consumption and
CO2 emissions
= Silica fume is a comparatively expensive product and it is added in smaller
quantities in concrete mixture rather than as a cement replacement.
= Can partly be substituted by latent hydraulic or pozzolanic materials
= Blastfurnace slag from steel industry
= Fly ash from coal fired power plants
= Natural and artificial pozzolans
= Extending the use of conventional and new cementitious materials
requires a better understanding of fundamental mechanisms that
control performance:
= Structural / mechanical behaviour
= Corrosion resistance
= Durability
= Environmental performance (e.g. leaching)
 Concrete mixture proportioning
Continuous gradation and consideration of
workability during laboratory testing are slowly
gaining acceptance in practice
practice..

Concrete mechanical properties

Higher strength concrete for bridges is
commonly used for columns and beams. Higher
strength concrete usually provides higher
abrasion resistance and where appropriate this
is considered in the bridge deck and pavement
designs.
Advancements in Applications of
New concrete Technology
 DIGD
MANC CNCT
3 he term ³HPC´ was first introduced by
NIS,FHWA, COE and ACI in early 1990s
3 Concrete meeting special performance
requirements that cannot always be
achieved routinely using conventional
constituents and normal mixing, placing, and
curing practices
3 Many conferences and publications since
1990s.

erformance equirements for D
C

· Î
lacement & Compaction w/o Segregation

· Î arly Age Strength
· Î nhanced Mechanical
roperties
· Î üolume Stability
· Î nhanced Durability & Service ëife
ëow
ermeability
Abrasion esistance
ire esistance
 Applications of D
C
= Off-shore structures
Off-
= Long
Long--span bridges
= HPLC (Floating
offshore platforms)
= Repair materials
(early strength)
= HP Shotcrete
 Applications of D
C
= HPC bridge ± 8 spans
= Normal strength ± 9
spans
= HPC strength ±75 75--101
MPa in 56 days
= Unit cost of the HPC
bridge was 16
16%% higher
than that of the normal
strength concrete
 £NITS
he direct advantage of HPC construction schedule
is the early stripping of formwork
formwork.. In addition, the greater stiffness
and higher axial strength allows for the use of smaller columns in
the construction
construction.. his will improve the construction schedule by
reducing the amount of concrete that must be placed placed.. hese
factors combined lead to construction elements of high economic
efficiency, high utility, and long
long--term engineering economy

A Reduction of structural steel allows for greater flexibility in

designing the shape and form of structural members
A Superior ductility and energy absorption provides structural
reliability under earthquakes
A Reduction of structural steel allows numerous structural member
shape and form freedom
A Superior corrosion resistance
 Air üoid Analyzer
AVA device can characterize the air void
structure (volume, size and spacing) of fresh
concrete.. he clear advantage of the AVA is its
concrete
ability to characterize the air void structure on
fresh concrete in less than 30 minutes
minutes.. With this
information, adjustments can be made in the
production process during concrete placement
placement..
Self--Compacting Concrete(SCC)
Self
SCC provides improvements in strength strength,, density
density,,
durability,, volume stability
durability stability,, bond, and abrasion resistance
resistance..
SCC is especially useful in confined zones where vibrating
compaction is difficult
difficult.. he reduction in schedule is limited
since a large portion of the schedule is still controlled by the
time required to erect and remove formworkformwork.. Although the
schedule reduction is limited, it is still sufficient that the
reduction in labor costs overcomes the higher material costs
costs..
 SELF CLEANING CONCREE
Strong sunlight or ultraviolet light
decomposes many organic materials in a
slow, natural process.

Photocatalysts speed up this process and,

like other types of catalysts, stimulate a
chemical transformation without being
consumed or worn-out by the reaction.
WHEN I RAINS , HE SURFACE GES
CLEANED .
Photocatalytic titanium dioxide is
energized by UV and accelerates
the decomposition of organic
particulates and airborne pollutants
such as nitrous oxide (NOx)
 GEO POLYMER CONCREE
= It is concrete without cement.
= Hardened cementitious paste made from flyash and alkaline
solution.
= Combines waste products into useful product.
= Setting mechanism depends on polymerization.
= Curing temp is between 6060--90 degree celcius
celcius..

Geopolymer Concrete
rocess :

Alkaline solutions induce the Si and Al atoms in the source materials
,example fly ash , to dissolve.

Gel formation is assisted by applying heat.

Gel binds the aggregates ,and the unreacted source material to form
the Geopolymer concrete.
 ADVANAGES
= Cutting the world¶s carbon.

= he price of fly ash is low.

= Better compressive strength.

= Fire proof.

= Low permeability.

= Eco--friendly.
Eco

= Excellent properties within both acid and salt

environments.
 Conclusions
Significant advances have been made in
concrete technology during the last fifty years. years. his
paper has highlighted some of the significant
advancements in technologies and their effect on the
design and preservation of infrastructure
infrastructure.. While it is not
the definitive state
state--of
of--practice for design and
preservation, it does bring to the forefront some of the
technologies that are being considered by professionals
professionals..
As with all new technologies, long term performance
monitoring identifying both successes and failures, will
prove to be invaluable for advancing the concept of long long--
life pavements
pavements.. Some of the successful examples are
discussed in this paper
paper.. Many of the innovations have
been incorporated in the routine practice
practice..
 REFERENCES
1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete
2) U.S. Federal Highway Administration.
Administration. "Admixtures"
"Admixtures"..
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/materialsgrp/admixture.html. Retrieved 20072007--01
01--25
25..
3) Cement Admixture Association. "CAA" "CAA".. www.admixtures.org.uk. http://www.admixtures.org.uk/publications.asp.
Retrieved 2008
2008--04
04--02
02..
4) Kosmatka,, S.H.; Panarese,
Kosmatka Panarese, W.C. ((1988
1988).). Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures.
Mixtures. Skokie, IL, USA: Portland
Cement Association. pp. 17 17,, 42,
42, 70,
70, 184.
184. ISBN 0-89312
89312--087
087--1.
5) www.germann.org/...%20
www.germann.org/...% 20R
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20(AVA).
(AVA).ppspps
6) Ramachandran,, V.S. ((1995
Ramachandran 1995)) Concrete Admixtures Handbook ± Properties, Science, and echnology,
echnology, 2nd Edition,
William Andrew Publishing, ISBN 0815513739 p. 121
R