For Official Use Only

Pilot Study for Project Formation

For
Integrated Urban Disaster Management Project
In Jakarta Metropolitan Area

INDONESIA

SEMINAR

20th March, 2007

Pilot Study Team for Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC)
ALMEC Corporation
Earth System Science Co., LTD
PACET Corporation
 Contents:
1. Appreciation of the Study
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Objective of the Study
1.3 Study Area
1.4 Study Work Flow
1.5 GIS Database Development
1.6 Applicability and Expandability to Other Cities
1.7 Target Natural Disasters
2. Hazard Assessment
3. Urban Vulnerability
4. Coping Capacity
5. Disaster Risk Assessment
6. Conceptual Plan for Integrated Disaster Management and
Necessary Projects
7. Selection of Priority Project for JBIC Loan

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 1. Appreciation of the Study

1.1 Background of the Study

– Government of Indonesia has emphasized the importance of
disaster reduction because of recent frequent natural disasters.
– Jakarta Metropolitan Area requires effective disaster mitigation
program because of the importance of the area as the center of
national politics, economy and high population density.
– It is desirable to develop a model program for urban disaster
mitigation which can be applicable for other cities in Indonesia.

1.2 Objective of the Study

– To establish a disaster mitigation program to prevent and
mitigate the damages of the natural disasters through
investigation of the urban disaster scenarios in Jakarta
Metropolitan Area.
– To identify projects which could possibly be financed by JBIC in
the future.

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 1.3 Study Area
1) Jakarta Metropolitan Area:
National center of political,
social and economic
activities,
2) Having over four (4) centuries
history,
3) Experiencing expansion of
substandard and uncontrolled
urbanization,
4) Located on low-lying alluvial
fan areas and prone to natural
disasters, and
5) Existing volume of public
services are not enough to
cope with natural disasters.

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 1.4 Study Work Flow
(1) Evaluation of the Present Disaster (2) Risk Analysis on Natural Disaster in Jakarta
Management System in DKI Jakarta Metropolitan Area

1.1 Review of existing disaster management programs 2.1 Examination of the 2.2 Examination of the
and related projects natural disaster hazards vulnerability of urban
(mainly focuses on
earthquake, tsunami and area to natural
flood) disaster
1.2 Review of existing organizations and systems
relating to disaster management and its
implementation schemes
2.3 Examination of each natural disaster risk and create
1.3 Analysis of problems of the present system a multi hazard map

(3) Formulation of the Necessary Disaster Mitigation Measures

3.1 Formulation of disaster mitigation measures 3.2 Taking into consideration how the above-mentioned mitigation
in Jakarta metropolitan area measures may be applied to other cities in Indonesia

(4) Selection of Recommended Yen-loan Projects

4.1 Development of a 4.2 Selection of priority 4.3 Evaluation of the selected projects by taking into
list of possible projects based on the consideration the economic impact, environmental
projects for Yen-loan urgency of each project impact and implementation scheme, and preparation
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 1.5 GIS Database Development
GIS database was established utilizing various existing data and
information:

a) Natural Condition
1) Topographical maps scale at 1:2,500
2) Geology
3) Geomorphology
4) Soil type
5) River system and watershed
6) Historical disaster record including earthquake, flood and tsunami
7) Flood prone area
8) Land subsidence area
b) Social Condition
1) Existing land use
2) Population
3) Road network
4) Lifeline data including water pipeline, electricity
5) Distribution of public facilities
6) Building statistics

Note: Data is mostly limited in DKI Jakarta area.

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 1.6 Applicability and Expandability to Other Cities

 Methodology to identify the vulnerable and

risk area is not complicated (using existing
data for natural condition, social indicators
etc.)
 Conceptual plan shows the idea and project
list for proactive disaster management
approach (combination of prevention and
preparedness)

 The methodology and conceptual plan can

be applicable and expandable to other cities
by following this study procedure.

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 1.7 Target Natural Disasters
1) Earthquake

Generalized Tectonic
Overview of Indonesia

Destructive Earthquake in
Recent Years in Indonesia

Source : above; Seismic Hazard Model for Indonesia, Haresh C. Shah, Teddy Boen, April, 1996
below; Edited by Study Team by using Several Sources 8
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 2) Flood
1) Inundated Area: 36,858 ha
2) No. of Evacuated Family:
107,140 families (384,294
persons)
3) No. of Evacuation Shelter:
301 shelters
4) No. of People who
Received Medical
Treatment: 609,007 persons
5) No. of Victim: 34 persons
6) Total Economic Loss:
around 5 to 7 trillions in
Rupiah

Inundated Areas of 2002 Flood

which Affected Jakarta the Most
Source : Jakarta Metropolitan Area Flood Management Capacity Development Basic Study, Jan. 2006, JICA
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 [Flood in 2007]
During the study implementation, a flood disaster which is same large with flood
in 2002.

Water Gate in Mangaray

Tent for Food Supply

Integrated Urban Disaster Management Project in Jakarta Metropolitan Area – Seminar

Inundated Towns 10
 [New Channel and River Improvement Recommended by Master Plan 1997 ]

Source : Jakarta Metropolitan Area Flood Management Capacity Development Basic Study, Jan. 2006, JICA
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 3) Tsunamis
Indonesia has experienced several large tsunamis even in recent years.
Tsunamis that affected Indonesia mainly occurred at the coast of Indian Ocean
and eastern Indonesia islands such as Molucca, Flores and Biak.

Epicenters of Recent Earthquakes which Caused Tsunami that Affected Indonesia

Source : Edited by Study Team
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 2 Hazard Assessment
2.1 Earthquake Hazard
“Jakarta will experience any earthquakes sooner or later.”
Distance to
Longitude Magni Depth
Type of Earthquake Jakarta
Latitude -tude (km)
(km)
No.1 (Type 1)
Plate Boundary Earthquake at
-8.0
Subduction Zone: Same place, 258 8.1 30
Same magnitude with 1903 106.0
earthquake.
No. 2 (Type 2)
In-land Earthquake Related to
Known Active Fault: Same Place -6.9
with 1900 Sekobemi earthquake,
77 6.3 40
-106.8
Magnitude supposed from the
damage at the earthquake.
No.3 (Type 3)
In-land Earthquake Related to Un- 6.3 10
-6.2
known Active Fault passing 4 ~ ~
through Directly beneath Jakarta 106.80
6.5 40
Metropolitan Area

Example of the Possible Earthquake

Affecting Jakarta
Source : Edited by the Study Team 13
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 Seismic Intensity
Earthquake Hazard Map Geological Name
Increments

Earthquake hazard maps are compiled Qa1 Alluvial Flood Plain Sediments Very High

using geological data which are interpreted Qa2 Alluvial Valley Sediments High

from seismic intensity increment and Qbr Alluvial Sand Dune Very High

liquefaction potential of the study area. Qav Quaternary Fan Deposit Moderate
Qvas Quaternary Intrusive Rock Very Low

Seismic Intensity Increments Qv Quaternary Volcanic Rock Very Low

Qtvb Quaternary Tuff Deposit Moderate
Tpss Tertiary Sediments (Serpong Formation) Low
Tpg Tertiary Sediments (Genteng Formation) Low
Tmb Tertiary Sediments (Bojonmanik Formation) Low
Tmk Tertiary Sediments (Klapanunggal Formation) Low
Tmj Tertiary Sediments (Jatilouhur Formation) Low
Tmrs Tertiary Sediments (Rengganis Formation) Low
Tmpb Tertiary Volcanic (Basalt, Dago Volcano) Very Low

Source : Classified by the Study Team based on Geological Research and Development Center, 1960
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 Liquefaction
Earthquake Hazard Map Geological Name
Potential
Qa1 Alluvial Flood Plain Sediments High
Qa2 Alluvial Valley Sediments Moderate
Qbr Alluvial Sand Dune Very High
Qav Quaternary Fan Deposit Low
Qvas Quaternary Intrusive Rock No

Liquefaction Potential Distribution Qv Quaternary Volcanic Rock No

Qtvb Quaternary Tuff Deposit Very Low
Tpss Tertiary Sediments (Serpong Formation) No
Tpg Tertiary Sediments (Genteng Formation) No
Tmb Tertiary Sediments (Bojonmanik Formation) No
Tmk Tertiary Sediments (Klapanunggal Formation) No
Tmj Tertiary Sediments (Jatilouhur Formation) No
Tmrs Tertiary Sediments (Rengganis Formation) No
Tmpb Tertiary Volcanic (Basalt, Dago Volcano) No

Source : Classified by the Study Team based on Geological Research and Development Center, 1960
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 2.2 Flood Hazard
“Jakarta is affected by flood disaster periodically.”

Designated Flood
Prone Area
Source : Jakarta Poverty Area Drainage Improvement Basic Study, March 2004, JICA
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 Flood Hazard Map
Prepared based on Flood record
map (depth and duration
identified by Kelurahan base) of
2002 and flood prone area
identified by DKI Jakarta.

Depth of Flood in 2002

Duration of Flood in 2002

Source : Edited by the Study Team based on the designated 78 flood prone areas and condition of flood in 2002
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 2.3 Tsunami Hazard
Tsunami Hazard Map

Elevation
below 2m

The largest Tsunami event is the one triggered by the Krakatau eruption in 19th
century with the maximum wave of 2.3 m that reached Jakarta Metropolitan Area.
Source : Edited by the Study Team based on the topographic map scale in 1:2,500,
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 2.4 Other Factor related to Flood and Tsunami

Land Subsidence
from 1974 to 1993

There can be supposed another phenomenon that affect to the damages of flood and tsunami,
that is, land subsidence to worsen the situation. It is a factor that shows natural disaster hazard.

Source : Edited by the Study Team based on the map shown in the study on urban drainage integrated management in lowland
area of DKI, Jakarta, March 2006, IEE 19
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 3. Urban Vulnerability Assessment
[Urban Vulnerability Indicators]
- Physical vulnerability:
- Buildings,
- Transport infrastructure,
- Urban utilities,
- Hazardous facilities, etc.
- Social vulnerability:
- Population density,
- Income level,
- Existing land use,
- Urban kampong area,
- Building coverage ratio, etc.

*Supplemental Data Survey for:

- Infrastructure Survey (Bridges and Flyovers) : 20 sites
- Building Survey (Schools, Hospitals and Cityhalls : 35 sites
- Community Survey : 15 sites

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 Examples of Urban Vulnerability Map

Income Level:
Social Vulnerability

Population Density:
Social Vulnerability
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 4. Coping Capacity
Fire Posts & Location of Fire Risk
Area identifies by Fire Fighting
Department

Hospital Access Area

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 5. Disaster Risk Assessment
5.1 Generation of Grid Map of Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk
Hazard maps and vulnerability maps assessed in previous chapters (2 ~
4) are converted to 500m x 500m grid cell map to analyze urban
vulnerability. Data analysis by grid system was applied only for DKI
Jakarta area due to availability of detail data.

[Indicator of hazard and vulnerability]

1.      Seismic Intensity Increment -> Seismic Hazard
2.      Liquefaction Potential -> Seismic Hazard
3.      Flood Depth (2002 Flood) -> Flood Hazard
4.      Flood Duration (2002 Flood) -> Flood Hazard
5.      Land Subsidence -> Flood and Tsunami Hazard
6.      Elevation -> Tsunami Hazard
7.      Distance to Shore Line -> Tsunami Hazard
8.      Population Density -> Social Vulnerability
9.      Income Level -> Social Vulnerability
10.  Building Coverage Ratio -> Physical Vulnerability

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 Index for Risk Assessment

Disaster Formula
Earthquake (1+2)x(8+9+10)
Formulas for Risk Analysis: R = H x V Flood (3+4+5)x(8+9)
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Seismic Hazard: Seismic Intensity Increment

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Seismic Hazard: Liquefaction Potential

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Flood Hazard: Flood Depth (2002 Flood)

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Flood Hazard: Flood Duration (2002 Flood)

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Flood and Tsunami Hazard: Land Subsidence

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Tsunami Hazard: Elevation

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Social Vulnerability: Population Density

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Social Vulnerability: Income Level

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Physical Vulnerability: Building Coverage Ratio

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Earthquake Risk

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Flood Risk

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Tsunami Risk

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 [Identified Problems]
1. The risk area of natural hazards (earthquake, flood and
tsunami) spreads northern part of DKI Jakarta (approximately
20% of whole DKI Jakarta).
2. This area has been developed since early times and urban
activities are highly concentrated .
3. Many important facilities such as port, airport and power plants
are located in this area and arterial roads which is connecting
these facilities have been developed.
4. Important facilities, infrastructures and hazardous materials
are facing at risk and series of mitigation measures should be
implemented to mitigate damages caused by natural disasters.
5. This area can be regarded as the priority area for
implementation of the disaster management measures.

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 6. Conceptual Plan for Integrated Disaster Management and
Necessary Projects
6.0 Conceptual Plan
– Addresses earthquake, flood and tsunami
– Basis for disaster management activities
6.1 Planning Concept
– Protect residents and communities, capital functions
and economic activities
– Taking proactive approach
 Implementing mitigation and prevention measures such as
strengthening of building, construction of flood control
facilities, establishment of early warning system, etc.
 Minimizing damage by preparing for disaster event such as
designation of evacuation place and route, emergency action
plan, development of early warning system, etc.

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 6.2 Framework of Necessary Disaster Management Projects
Proactive measures and actions are classified into following three
categories.
I. Policy Setting, Planning and Research :
Formulating comprehensive disaster management structure of
national/provincial level and accumulating knowledge on disaster
itself and effective reinforcement measures.
II. Damage Mitigation / Prevention Measures :
Minimizing damage and loss of disasters by implementing
mitigation/prevention measures such as strengthening and retrofitting
of existing building and infrastructures which were constructed based
on old structure code, construction of flood control facilities,
installation of early warning system, etc.
III. Measures to Prepare the Disaster Event :
Minimizing damage expansion by preparing for the disaster event
appropriately, such as designation of evacuation place and
emergency road network, formulation of emergency action plan,
development of information system, etc.

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 6.2 Framework of Necessary Disaster Management Projects

The Conceptual Plan has three interactive categories, namely “policy”, “damage
mitigation” and “preparedness to disaster event” and program components to
comply with the target disasters.

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 6.3 Evaluation Indicators
The projects which was listed in necessary disaster management
measures was evaluated using the following evaluation criteria. Also, the
study team selected the recommended projects based on the evaluation
and indicated as JIDM (Jakarta Integrated Disaster Management) project
in the following tables.

Urgency: Urgent action is needed and long-term undertaking does not

meet this criterion.

Benefit: Wide and stiff benefit is appreciated in terms of beneficiary

population and economic benefit (or economic damage without it). Only
planning works without implementation or enforcement is considered
volatile in benefit estimation.

Adaptability: The scope of the Study includes considering adaptability of

the identified projects to other metropolitan areas in Indonesia. If project
implementation experience is useful to other areas, such a project is
judged to contain high adaptability.
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 Identified Necessary Projects and Evaluation (1/4)

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 Identified Necessary Projects and Evaluation (2/4)

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 Identified Necessary Projects and Evaluation (3/4)

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 Identified Necessary Projects and Evaluation (4/4)

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 7. Selection of Candidate Project for JBIC Loan

Considering the responsible agency for implementation, the proposed

project packages can be categorized into three components.

A) Component 1: Infrastructure Strengthening

Implementation Agency: Ministry of Public Works

B) Component 2 : National Medical Hospital Strengthening

Implementation Agency: Ministry of Health

C) Component 3 : Community Protection Program (CBDM)

Implementation Agency: DKI Jakarta

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 JIDM Project Structure
Project I1 • Bridge/Flyover Strengthening Project
Comp.1
Infrastructure • Public Building Diagnosis and
Infrastructure Strengthening

JBIC DRM PU • National Hospital Building Diagnosis and

Program Upgrading Project
Comp.2 Project H1 • Improving and Enhancing Emergency
Hospital Hospital Medical Services

JBIC • Community Profiling

MHO • CBDM Planning
Project C1: • Community Level Disaster response
Community planning/Training
• Private House Retrofitting
• Evacuation Route Securing
• Evacuation Place Improvement
Project C2: • Public Building Strengthening
Building • School Building Strengthening
Comp.3
Community Project C3: • Local Level Disaster response
Disaster Planning/Training
DKI Response • Firefighting Capacity Enhancement
• Information System Development
• Hospital Emergency Plan
Project C4: • Hospital Retrofitting
Medical • Local Health Center (PUSKESMAS)
Retrofitting

Project C5: • Awareness Raising (Community Based

Public Activity)
Relations • Education (Material Preparation)
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