Tips Mencegah Penyakit

Infeksi Menular pada Anak

Rabu, 06 Mei 2020
Definisi
• Infeksi : Peristiwa masuk & panggandaan
mikroorganisme didalam tubuh pejamu

• Penyakit infeksi : infeksi yg menyebabkan terjadinya

peradangan & menimbulkan manifestasi klinik oleh
krn kerusakan jaringan dan fungsi
Organisme penyebab
• Bakteri
• Virus
• Jamur
• Parasit
• Rickettsia
Port de entree
• Kontak langsung (popok, penyakit kelamin)
• Kontaminasi & luka (luka infeksi, tetanus, rabies)
• Inokulasi (gigitan serangga spt nyamuk DHF, suntikan)
• Menelan makanan & minuman terkontaminasi
(hepatitis A, diare, disentri)
• Droplet yg terhirup (influenza, TBC)
Faktor-faktor yg mempengaruhi potensial
mikroorganisme penyakit
• Port de entrée
• Jumlah mikroorganisme kemampuan penggandaan
• Jenis kuman, mampu adaptasi & mampu dipindahkan ke pejamu baru
Tanda infeksi
• Proses inflamasi : dolor, rubor, kalor, tumor &
fungsiolaesa
• Gejala lain sesuai predileksi nya
• SSP pusing, penurunan kesadaran, kejang
• Sal napas batuk,pilek, suara serak, nyeri telan
• Sal cerna mencret, mual, muntah, makan berkurang
• dll
Penyakit infeksi yg sering terjadi pada
anak
• ISPA • TBC
• Tonsilitis
• Tonsilofaringitis
• Tetanus
• Rhinitis • ISK, dari ruam popok atau
• Rhinofaringitis fimosis
• Laringitis
• Laringofaringitis
• Virus
• Pertusis • Cacar, campak, gondongan, HFMD,
DHF, Campak, meningitis,
• Diare
ensefalitis
• Rotavirus
• Amoebiasis • Infeksi kulit
• Disentri basiler • Folikulitis, impetigo, furunkulosis
Pencegahan
• Pejamu
• Imunisasi (BCG, DPT, Hep B, Hib, Polio, Campak, Pneumococcus, Rubella,
Mumps, Rotavirus) sesuai jadwal yg direkomendasikan
• Nutrisi seimbang (makro-mikronutrien)
• Lingkungan
• Higienitas  aliran udara dalam rumah baik, cukup paparan sinar matahari,
bahan makanan bersih, sering cuci tangan, cara buat susu dgn baik, orgtua
mengganti pakaian & mandi setelah bekerja diluar rumah sebelum kontak dgn
anak
• Tidak mengkonsumsi antibiotik secara sembarangan
 Ja d w a l Im u n is a s i A n a k U s ia 0 – 1 8 T a h u n
R e k o m e n d a s i Ik a t a n D o k t e r A n a k In d o n e s ia ( ID A I) T a h u n 2 0 1 7
U s ia
Im u n i s a s i B u la n Ta h u n
L a h ir 1 2 3 4 5 6 9 12 15 18 24 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 18
H e p a ti ti s B 1 2 3 4
P o l io 0 1 2 3 4
BCG 1 k a li
DTP 1 2 3 4 5 6 (T d /T d a p ) 7 (T d )
H ib 1 2 3 4
PCV 1 2 3 4
R o t a v ir u s 1 2 3a
In fl u e n z a U la n g a n 1 k a l i s e ti a p t a h u n
Cam pak 1 2 3
MMR 1 2
T if o i d U la n g a n s e ti a p 3 t a h u n
H e p a ti ti s A 2 k a li, in t e r v a l 6 – 1 2 b u l a n
V a r is e la 1 k a li
HPV 2 a t a u 3 k a li b
J a p a n e s e e n c e p h a lit is 1 2
D engue 3 k a li, in t e r v a l 6 b u la n

Ke te ra n g a n
C a r a m e m b a c a k o lo m u s ia : m is a l 2 b e r a r ti u s ia 2 b u la n ( 6 0 h a r i) s .d . 2 b u l a n 2 9 h a r i ( 8 9 h a r i)
R e k o m e n d a s i im u n is a s i b e r la k u m u la i J a n u a r i 2 0 1 7
D a p a t d ia k s e s p a d a w e b s it e ID A I ( h t t p :/ / id a i.o r . id / p u b lic - a r t i c le s / k lin ik / i m u n is a s i/ ja d w a l- im u n is a s i- a n a k - id a i. h t m l)
a
V a k s in r o t a v ir u s m o n o v a le n ti d a k p e r lu d o s is k e -3 ( lih a t k e t e r a n g a n )
b
A p a b i la d ib e r ik a n p a d a r e m a ja u s ia 1 0 - 1 3 t a h u n , p e m b e r ia n c u k u p 2 d o s is d e n g a n in t e r v a l 6 - 1 2 b u la n ; r e s p o n s a n ti b o d i
s e t a r a d e n g a n 3 d o s i s ( lih a t k e t e r a n g a n )
O p ti m a l C a t c h -u p B o o ste r D a e r a h E n d e m is
U n t u k m e m a h a m i t a b e l ja d w a l im u n is a s i p e r lu m e m b a c a k e t e r a n g a n t a b e l
1 . V a k s i n h e p ia t is t B ( H B ) . V a k s i n H B p e r t a m a ( m o n o v a le n ) p a lin g b a ik d ib e r ik a n d a la m w a k t u 1 2 ja m s e t e la h la h ir
d a n d id a h u lu i p e m b e r ia n s u n ti k a n v it a m in K 1 m in im a l 3 0 m e n it s e b e lu m n y a . J a d w a l p e m b e r ia n v a k s in H B m o n o v a -
le n a d a la h u s ia 0 , 1 , d a n 6 b u la n . B a y i l a h ir d a r i ib u H B s A g p o s i ti f, d ib e r ik a n v a k s i n H B d a n i m u n o g lo b u lin h e p ia tist B
( H B Ig ) p a d a e k s t r e m it a s y a n g b e r b e d a . A p a b ila d i b e r ik a n H B k o m b in a s i d e n g a n D T P w , m a k a ja d w a l p e m b e r ia n p a d a
u s ia 2 , 3 , d a n 4 b u la n . A p a b ila v a k s in H B k o m b in a s i d e n g a n D T P a , m a k a ja d w a l p e m b e r ia n p a d a u s ia 2 , 4 , d a n 6 b u la n .
2 . V a k s in p o lio . A p a b ila la h ir d i r u m a h s e g e r a b e r ik a n O P V - 0 . A p a b ila l a h ir d i s a r a n a k e s e h a t a n , O P V - 0 d i b e r ik a n s a a t
b a y i d ip u la n g k a n . S e la n j u t n y a , u n t u k p o l io - 1 , p o l io - 2 , p o lio - 3 , d a n p o lio b o o s t e r d ib e r ik a n O P V a t a u IP V . P a lin g s e -
d ik it h a r u s m e n d a p a t s a t u d o s is v a k s in IP V b e r s a m a a n d e n g a n p e m b e r ia n O P V -3 .
3 . V a k s in B C G . P e m b e r ia n v a k s in B C G d ia n ju r k a n s e b e l u m u s ia 3 b u laa n , o p ti m l u s i a 2 b u l a n . A p a b il a d ib e r i k a n p a d a
u s ia 3 b u la n a t a u l e b ih , p e r lu d ila k u k a n u ji t u b e r k u lin t e r le b i h d a h u lu .
4 . V a k s in D T P . V a k s in D T P p e r t a m a d ib e r ik a n p a li n g c e p a t p a d a u s ia 6 m in g g u . D a p a t d ib e r ik a n v a k s in D T P w a t a u
D T P a a t a u k o m b in a s i d e n g a n v a k s in la i n . A p a b ila d ib e r ik a n v a k s in D T P a m a k a in t e r v a l m e n g ik u ti r e k o m e n d a s i v a k s in
t e r s e b u t y a it u u s i a 2 , 4 , d a n 6 b u la n . U n t u k a n a k u s ia le b ih d a r i 7 t a h u n d ib e r ik a n v a k s in T d a t a u T d a p . U n t u k D T P 6
d a p a t d ib e r ik a n T d / T d a p p a d a u s ia 1 0 - 1 2 t a h u n d a n b o o s t e r T d d ib e r ik a n ps e t i a 10 t a h u n .
5 . V a k s in p n e u m o k o k u s ( P C V ) . A p a b ila d ib e r ik a n p a d a u s ia 7 -1 2 b u la n , P C V d ib e r ik a n 2 k a li d e n g a n in t e r v a l 2 b u la n ;
d a n p a d a u s ia le b ih d a r i 1 t a h u n d ib e r ik a n 1 k a li. K e d u a n y a p e r lu b o o s t e r p a d a u s ia le b ih d a r i 1 2 b u la n a t a u m in im a l
2 b u la n s e t e la h d o s is t e r a k h ir. P a d a a n a k u s ia d i a t a s 2 t a h u n P C V d ib e r ik a n c u k u p s a t u k a li.
6 . V a k s in r o t a v ir u s . V a k s in r o t a v ir u s m o n o v a le n d ib e r ik a n 2 k a li , d o s is p e r t a m a d ib e r ik a n u s ia 6 - 1 4 m in g g u ( d o s is
p e r t a m a ati d k d ib e r ik a n p a d a u s ia > 1 5 m in g g u ), d o s is k e - 2 d ib e r ik a n d e n g a n in t e r v a l m in im a l 4 m in g g u . B a t a s a k h i r
p e m b e r ia n p a d a u s ia 2 4 m in g g u . V a k s in r o t a v ir u s p e n t a v a le n d ib e r ik a n 3 k a li, d o s is p e r t a m a d ib e r ik a n u s i a 6 -1 4
m in g g u ( d o s is p e r t a m a ati d k d ib e r ik a n p a d a u s ia > 1 5 m in g g u ) , d o s i s k e d u a d a n k e ti g a d ib e r ik a n d e n g a n i n t e r v a l 4 - 1 0
m in g g u . B a t a s a k h i r p e m b e r ia n p a d a u s ia 3 2 m in g g u .
7 . V a k s in e in fl u n z a . V a k s in e in fl u n z a d ib e r ik a n p a d a u s ia le b ih d a r i 6 b u la n , d i u la n pg s e ti a t a h u n . U n t u k im u n is a s i
p e r t a m a k a li ( p r im a r y i m m u n iz a t i o ) p a d a a n a k u s ia k u r a n g d a r i 9 t a h u n d ib e r i d u a k a li d e n g a n in t e r v a l m in im a l 4
m in g g u . U n t u k a n a k 6 - 3 6 b u la n , d o s is 0 , 2 5 m L . U n t u k a n a k u s ia 3 6 b u laa n a t a u l e b ih , d o s is 0 , 5 m L .
8 . V a k s in c a m p a k . V a k s in c a m p a k k e d u a ( 1 8 b u la n ) ti d k pe r l u d ib e r i k a n a p a b i la s u d a h m e n d a p a t k a n M M R .
9 . V a k s in M M R / M R . A p a b ila s u d a h m e n d a p a t k a n v a k s in c a m p a k p a d a u s ia 9 b u la n , m a k a v a k s in M M R / M R d ib e r ik a n
p a d a u s ia 1 5 b u l a n ( m in im a l in t e r v a l 6 b u la n ) . A p a b ila p a d a u s ia 1 2 b u l a n b e lu m m e n d a p a t k a n v a k s in c a m p a k , m a k a
d a p a t d ib e r ik a n v a k s in M M R / M R .
1 0 . V a k s in v a r is e l a . V a k s i n v a r i s e la d ib e r ik a n s e t e la h u s ia 1 2 b u la n , t e r b a ik p a d a u s ia s e b e l u m m a s u k s e k o la h d a s a r.
A p a b i la d ib e r ik a n p a d a u s i a le b ih d a r i 1 3 t a h u n , p e r lu 2 d o s is d e n g a n in t e r v a l m in im a l 4 m in g g u .
1 1 . V a k s in h u m a n p a p ilo m a v ir u s ( H P V ) . V a k s in H P V d ib e r ik a n m u la i u s ia 1 0 t a h u n . V a k s in H P V b i v a le n d ib e r ik a n ti g a
k a li d e n g a n ja d w a l 0 , 1 , 6 b u la n ; v a k s in H P V t e t r a v a l e n d e n g a n ja d w a l 0 ,2 , 6 b u la n . A p a b ila d ib e r ik a n p a d a r e m a ja
u s ia 1 0 - 1 3 t a h u n , p e m b e r ia n c u k u p 2 d o s is d e n g a n in t e r v a l 6 - 1 2 b u la n ; r e s p o n s a on ti b d i s e t a r a d e n g a n 3 d o s is .
1 2 . V a k s in Ja p a n e s e e n c e p h a li t i s ( JE ) . V a k s in J E d ib e r ik a n m u l a i u s ia 1 2 b u la n p a d a d a e r a h e n d e m is a t a u t u r is y a n g
a k a n b e p e r g ia n k e d a e r a h e n d e m is t e r s e b u t . U n t u k p e r lin d u n g a n ja n g k a p a n ja n g d a p a t d ib e r ik a n b o o s t e r 1 - 2 t a h u n
b e r ik u t n y a .
1 3 . V a k s in d e n g u e . D ib e r ik a n p a d a u s ia 9 -1 6 t a h u n d e n g a n ja d w a l 0 , 6 , d a n 1 2 b u la n .
Closing Statement
• Penyakit Infeksi pd dapat dicegah dgn:
• Lingkungan Higienitas/ perilaku hidup bersih
• Nutrisi seimbang
• Imunisasi