Carbohydrate metabolism-pakai-BRIC
Carbohydrate metabolism-pakai-BRIC
Digestion and
Metabolism
PENCERNAAN A. ASETAT
DALAM PERUT
A. PROPIONAT
VFA
KARBOHIDRAT A. BUTIRAT
GAS C02
CH4
PEPTIDA
A. AMINO
PROTEIN
AMONIA
AMINE
RENIN PEPTIDA
10
PENCERNAAN DALAM
USUS
GETAH PANKREAS
EMPEDU
GETAH USUS
DICERN
A CHY
peptida ME
PEPTID
A se ASAM
MALTOS maltas DISERAP
A e GLU
AMINO DISERAP
DINDING
DINDING
LAKTOS
A
laktas
e
GLU
KOS USUS KE
USUS KE
DALAM
PATI amilas
e
MAL
&A
DALAM
ALIRAN
ALIRAN
lipas
LEMAK
e
•GAL.
ASAM
TOS DARAH
DARAH
ALEMA
NO FERME K
• PENYER
NTASI •APAN FESES
ENZY GLISE
BAU BUSUK
M OLEH ROL
AIR 12
PENGGUNAAN ZAT
MAKANAN
DEFINISI &
PENGGUNAAN ZAT-ZAT
MAKANAN
SUATU/KELOMPOK UNSUR POKOK MAKANAN DARI
KOMPOSISI YANG SAMA YANG MEMBANTU MENYOKONG
KEHIDUPAN
PROTEIN
KARBOHIDRA
T
LEMA
K VITAMIN
MINERAL
KLASI AIR TIDAK DAPAT
13
Overview of Carbohydrate
Digestion and Metabolism
Carbohydrate degradation in the rumen
60 – 75 % ruminant feeds are CH
Others : ± 5 %
Iso butirate
Iso valerate
lactate
Karbohidrat
Celulose
Hemicelulose
Starch
Pectin
Carbohydrates
•Carbohydrates are composed of carbon and water
and have a composition of (CH2O)n.
•The major nutritional role of carbohydrates is to
provide energy and digestible carbohydrates provide
4 kilocalories per gram.
energy
Carbon dioxide
Water GLUCOSE
Chlorophyll
G
G G
G
G
G G G G G G Limit dextrins
G GG
G amylase
G
G G GGG
G G 1-6 link
G maltotriose
GG
1-4 link G
G GG
G
G maltose G
G
isomaltose
Stomach
Not much carbohydrate digestion
Acid and pepsin to unfold proteins
Ruminants have forestomachs with extensive
microbial populations to breakdown and
anaerobically ferment feed
Small Intestine
Pancreatic enzymes
-amylase
maltotriose maltose
G G G G G G G G + G G
amylase
amylose
G G G G G G G G
GG GG G G
GG G
amylopectin
Limit dextrins
Oligosaccharide digestion..cont
G
G G G Limit dextrins
GG G sucrase
G G
maltase G
G Glucoamylase (maltase)
or G G G
-dextrinase
G G -dextrinase
GG G G
G
GG G
G
Small intestine
Portal for transport of virtually
all nutrients
Hexose transporter
apical basolateral
Carbohydrate
Absorption into
blood circulation
Digestion of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Do not need hydrolysis before absorption
Very little (if any) in most feeds
Di- and poly-saccharides
Relatively large molecules
Must be hydrolyzed prior to absorption
Hydrolyzed to monosaccharides
Maltase
Maltose Glucose + Glucose
Carbohydrates Monosaccharides
Distributed to
Liver tissue through
circulation
Nutrient Absorption - Carbohydrate
Active transport for glucose and
galactose
Sodium-glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1)
Dependent on Na/K ATPase pump
Facilitated transport for fructose
Carbohydrate Digestion
in Ruminants
Ingested carbohydrates are exposed to
extensive pregastric fermentation
Most carbohydrates fermented by microbes
ADP
Biosynthesis
ATP
Catabolism
NADP+
in rumen:
VFA NADPH
CO2 Growth
CH4 Maintenance
Heat Replication
Bacterial Digestion of
Carbohydrates
Rumen:
Microbes attach to (colonize) fiber
components and secrete enzymes
Cellulose, hemicellulose digested by cellulases and
hemicellulases
Complex polysaccharides are digested to yield
sugars that are fermented to produce VFA
Starches and simple sugars are more rapidly
fermented to VFA
Protozoa engulf starch particles prior to
digesting them
Ruminant Carbohydrate Digestion
Small Intestine
Secretion of digestive enzymes
Digestive secretions from pancreas and liver
Further digestion of carbohydrates
Absorption of H2O, minerals, amino acids, glucose,
fatty acids
Hexokinase
Pentose
Phosphate Glucose-6-P Glc-1- phosphate
Shunt
glycolysis
glycogen
Pyruvate
cytosol Pyruvate
mitochondria
(aerobic) Aceytl CoA
FATTY ACIDS
Krebs Reducing
cycle equivalents
AMINO
ACIDS
Oxidative
Phosphorylation
(ATP)
Control of enzyme activity
Stage 2 – postabsorptive
KEY – Maintain blood glucose
Glycogenolysis
Glucogneogenesis
Lactate
Pyruvate
Glycerol
AA
Propionate
Spare glucose by metabolizing fat
Stage 5 – Starvation
Carbohydrate Metabolism/
Utilization- Tissue Specificity
Muscle – cardiac and skeletal
Oxidize glucose/produce and store glycogen (fed)
Nervous system
Always use glucose except during extreme fasts
Reproductive tract/mammary
Glucose required by fetus
GLUCOSE XILOSE
PHOSPATE
FRUCTOSE-P
PYRUVATE LACTATE ACID
Glukose Sukrose
Glukose 1- fosfat
Pentosan PiruvatE
CO2 H2 MalatE
LaCtil Metil malonil KoA
Malonil Co- ACetoAsetil CO-A
MetHane A Co-A
ACrilil FumaratE
Co-A
Beta hYdroKsY
PropionYl SuCCsinil
butiril Co-A SuCCsinatE
Co-A Co-A
Krotonil
Co-A
ACetYl PHosfatE
Butinil Co-A
Glucose
Short-chain fatty acids produced by microbes
- Rumen, cecum, colon
3 basic types:
O O O
CH 3 C CH 3 CH 2 C CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 C
O– O– O–
propionate
Dietary buffers
Increased acetate and methane, decreased
propionate
Decreased physical form of diet (Grinding, pelleting etc)
Decreased acetate and methane, increased
propionate
Ionophores
Decreased acetate and methane, increased
propionate
Unsaturated fatty acids
Decreased methane, increased propionate
Examples of diet effects on VFA production
Forage:Concentrate
Forage:Concentrate
VFA, Molar% 60:40 40:60 20:80
Acetate 66.9 62.9 56.7
Propionate 21.1 24.9 30.9
Butyrate 12.0 12.2 12.4
Methane, Mcal/d 3.1 2.6 1.8
Rumen
Propionate Acetate
Butyrate
_____________________________________________
Blood Amino Acids Fatty Acids
Glucose
_____________________________________________
Tissue Protein Lactose Fat
Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption
Ruminant vs. Monogastrics
Digestive Feature Ruminant Non ruminant
Salivary amylase Zero High – primates
Moderate – pig
Low - carnivores
Pregastric fermentation High+ Zero in MOST cases
Gastric Very low Very low
Pancreatic amylase Moderate High
in SI
Glucose absorption Zero to High
from SI low
Post SI Low Low to High
Gb. Jalur Siklus Krebs (TCA Cycle)
Gb. Jalur Glukoneogenesis (dalam hati)
Gb. Jalur Glikogenesis dan Glikogenolisis dalam hati