THE ATOM

Atom - is the smallest particle of matter that retains its fundamental characteristics.
 FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE ATOM (Planetary Model)
 Every atom is composed of a positively charged
nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons.
 The electrons of all atoms are identical.
 Protons and neutrons composed the nucleus.
 Normally an atom has many electrons as protons.
 charged atom are called ion. Positive ion has a net
positive charge, negative ion has a net negative
charge.
 THE ELECTRIC CHARGE
- the fundamental quantity that underlies all
electrical phenomena.
Important Features
 charge is carried fundamentally by the electrons and
the protons.
 unit: Coulomb (C)

 electron charge:-1.61x10-19C

 proton charge: 1.61x10-19C

 charges are classified as either negative or positive.

 like charges repel, unlike charges attract.

 COULOMB’S LAW
- the electric force between charged particles is directly proportional
to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the
square of the separation distance.

q1 F q2
d

q1q2
F =k 2
r
 APPLICATIO
NS
1. If all the positive charges and negative charges 0f 1 g
of water could be separated, they would total 5.35x104
C and - 5.35x104 C, respectively. Calculate the force
between such charges when separated by 1.0 m.

2. Calculate how far apart two identical charges of 1.0 C

must be in order for the Coulomb force between them
to be equal to 500 N.

3. Clothes often cling when from a clothes dryer due to

static charges built up during drying. If a force of 5 N
must be exerted to pull apart two articles of clothing,
calculate the charge of each. Assume that the charges
are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign and that
the average distance between charged parts of the
particles is 0.80mm.
 ELECTRIC FIELD

- the property of space around charged object that enables it to

exert forces on another charged or uncharged object.
 ELECTRIC FIELD OF A POSITIVE
CHARGE

- the electric field of a positive charge is

directed outward.
 ELECTRIC FIELD OF A NEGATIVE CHARGE

the electric field of a negative charge is directed inward

ATTRACTION OF UNLIKE CHARGES
 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY

++++
+++ _
_
+++

- energy possessed by a charged object

by virtue of its location
_ in an electric field.
 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
- electric potential energy per amount of charge.

Important Features

 the unit of measurement is the volt

 difference in electric potential between the
endpoints of a conductor is called voltage.
 High voltage does not necessarily produce high
electric current.
 in ordinary situations, high voltage produces high
current
 IMPORTANT FEATURES (CONT.)

 potential difference or voltage acts like an electric pressure that

pushes electrons into motion thus, producing electric current;
 Electric generators, batteries, etc are some of the most common
sources of voltages;
 In fluid dynamics, generators are analogous to the water pump while
the electric current is analogical to the flowing liquid (water);
 Generators and batteries are not sources of electrons just as the
water pump is not a source of water;
 The voltage is analogical to pressure difference in pipes.
 VOLTAGE

12 12
V V

Without the potential or voltage, there is no electric

current.
 VOLTAGE

12 V 0V

-the presence of potential difference or

voltage produces electric current. Voltage is
provided by batteries, generators, etc.
 ELECTRIC CURRENT (I)
- is the flow of charged particles per unit
time along a conductor (electrons in
particular).

12 V

Battery
 Important Features (Electric Current)

 expressed in Amperes (A)

 often associated with the flow of
electrons.
 voltage across the circuit sets the
electrons into motion.
 Ampere – the rate of flow of 1 coulomb of
charge per second.
 Electric current is conserved due to
conservation of charge.
 ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE (R)

- it refers to the ability of the

conductor to resist the flow of
electric current.

Important Features

• it is directly proportional to the

resistivity,
and the length, but inversely
proportional to the cross-sectional area
of the conductor. Electrical resistance
also increases with temperature.
• reaches zero at very low temperature.
• Unit of measurement: Ohm (Ω).
 ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE

I conductor
A

L
R=ρ
A

R is electrical resistance ; ρ is the

resistivity of the material ; L the length
and A the cross sectional area of the
conductor.
or

OHM’S LAW
- the amount of current in a circuit is
directly and inversely proportional to the
voltage and electrical resistance
respectively.

Conductor
12 V

Battery

V
I= or V = IR
R
 Important Features (Ohm’s Law)

 Ohm’s is valid only at relatively constant

temperature;
 It relates the current, voltage and electrical
resistance in an electrical circuit;
 Ohm’s law was discovered by Georg Simon
Ohm and was named in his honor;
 Ohm’s serves as the primary basis for
building electrical connections.
 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

- any path through which an electric current can

flow.
- a close network of electrical devices, switches,
and
voltage sources.
TWO FUNDAMENTAL TYPES OF ELECTRIC
SERIES CIRCUIT
CIRCUIT

- the devices and wires connecting them

form a single pathway for electron flow
between the terminals of the battery,
generator etc.

PARALLEL CIRCUIT

- the devices and wires connecting them

form branches, each of which is a separate
flow of electrons.
SERIES CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

switch

Battery
 CHARACTERISTICS (series circuit)
 The current has but a single pathway;
 the total resistance is equal to the sum of the
individual resistances along the circuit path;
 the current is numerically equal to the
voltage supplied by the source divided by the
total resistance of the circuit;
 the total voltage divides among the electrical
devices so that the sum of the individual
voltage drops across each device s equal to
the total voltage supplied by the source;
 the voltage drop across each device is
proportional to its resistance.
y PARALLEL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Batter
 CHARACTERISTICS
(Parallel circuit)
 The voltage is uniform across each device;

 theamount of current in each branch is

inversely proportional to resistance of the
branch;

 thetotal current in the circuit equals the sum

of the currents in its parallel branches;

 theoverall resistance of the circuit is less than

the resistance of any one of the branches;
End…

To be continued….