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m 

For centuries China stood as a leading civilization, outpacing


the rest of the world in the arts and sciences, but in the 19th
and early 20th centuries, the country was beset by civil unrest,
major famines, military defeats, and foreign occupation. After
World War II, the Communists under MAO Zedong established
an autocratic socialist system that, while ensuring China's
sovereignty, imposed strict controls over everyday life and cost
the lives of tens of millions of people. After 1978, MAO's
successor DENG Xiaoping and other leaders focused on
market-oriented economic development and by 2000 output
had quadrupled. For much of the population, living standards
have improved dramatically and the room for personal choice
has expanded, yet political controls remain tight. China since
the early 1990s has increased its global outreach and
participation in international organizations.
ï ïm

   Eastern Asia, bordering the East China Sea,
Korea Bay, Yellow Sea, and South China Sea, between
North Korea and Vietnam.
ï ïm

   35 00 N, 105 00 E
   
 Asia
    9,596,961 sq km
  9,569,901 sq km
  27,060 sq km
      22,117 km
 
   Afghanistan 76 km, Bhutan 470
km, Burma 2,185 km, India 3,380 km, Kazakhstan 1,533
km, North Korea 1,416 km, Kyrgyzstan 858 km, Laos 423
km, Mongolia 4,677 km, Nepal 1,236 km, Pakistan 523 km,
Russia (northeast) 3,605 km, Russia (northwest) 40 km,
Tajikistan 414 km, Vietnam 1,281 km
 ï     Hong Kong 30 km, Macau 0.34
km

  14,500 km
   Mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west;
plains, deltas, and hills in east

  
 Coal, iron ore, petroleum, natural
gas, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese,
molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc,
rare earth elements, uranium, hydropower potential (world's
largest)
      14.86%
  
 1.27%
m  83.87%
 ï   545,960 sq km
 m  Frequent typhoons (about five per
year along southern and eastern coasts); damaging floods;
tsunamis; earthquakes; droughts; land subsidence
v
  China contains some historically active
volcanoes including Changbaishan (also known as
Baitoushan, Baegdu, or P'aektu-san), Hainan Dao,
and Kunlun although most have been relatively
inactive in recent centuries

ï ïm    world's fourth largest country


(after Russia, Canada, and US); Mount Everest on the
border with Nepal is the world's tallest peak
ïm
 1,330,141,295 (July 2010 est.)
@   !"# $ 19.8% (male 140,877,745/female
124,290,090)
"%&# $ 72.1% (male 495,724,889/female 469,182,087)
&% $ ' ( 8.1% (male 51,774,115/female 56,764,042)
(2010 est.)
@ )*  0.494% (2010 est.)
*  12.17 births/1,000 population (2010 est.)
*  6.89 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
 +  -0.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
,- ,  43% of total population
(2008)
 . ,- 2.7% annual rate of change (2005-
10 est.)
/   ,* 1.14 male(s)/female
' "% $ 1.17 male(s)/female
"%&# $ 1.06 male(s)/female
&% $ ' ( 0.93 male(s)/female
  1.06 male(s)/female (2010 est.)
. +$   16.51 deaths/1,000 live births
+ 15.84 deaths/1,000 live births
.+ 17.27 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)
$  Chinese (singular and plural)
'0 ( Chinese
*  Han Chinese 91.5%, Zhuang, Manchu, Hui,
Miao, Uighur, Tujia, Yi, Mongol, Tibetan, Buyi, Dong, Yao,
Korean, and other nationalities 8.5% (2000 census)
 Daoist (Taoist), Buddhist, Christian 3%-4%, Muslim
1%-2%
 officially atheist (2002 est.)
 Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based
on the Beijing dialect) (official), Yue (Cantonese), Wu
(Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese),
Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic
groups entry)
 $ '. age 15 and over can read and
write
  91.6%
+ 95.7%
.+ 87.6% (2007)
'  /' 1.9% of GDP (1999)
1 172
government

$ + (  .+ People's Republic


of China
( * .+ China
   .+ Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo
  * .+ Zhongguo
,,( PRC

$ + (  .+ People's Republic


of China
( * .+ China
   .+ Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo
  * .+ Zhongguo
,,( PRC
ï(+ $ Communist state

 + Beijing


'+( '( 23 provinces (sheng, singular and
plural), 5 autonomous regions (zizhiqu, singular and plural),
and 4 municipalities (shi, singular and plural)
(  Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou,
Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu,
Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi,
Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang; (see note on Taiwan)
+  Guangxi, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Xinjiang
Uygur, Xizang (Tibet)
+  Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Tianjin
 $+ based on civil law system; derived from Soviet
and continental civil code legal principles; legislature retains
power to interpret statutes; constitution ambiguous on judicial
review of legislation; party organs exercise authority over
judiciary; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
   ' ' Chinese Communist Party or
CCP [HU Jintao]; eight registered small parties controlled by
CCP
 '  red with a large yellow five-pointed star and
four smaller yellow five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical
arc toward the middle of the flag) in the upper hoist-side
corner; the color red represents revolution, while the stars
symbolize the four social classes - the working class, the
peasantry, the urban petty bourgeoisie, and the national
bourgeoisie (capitalists) - united under the Communist Party
of China
+$
ï    )*  9.1% (2009 est.)
ï   + ,$     10.3%
'$ 46.3%
(  43.4% (2009 est.)
, .  813.5 million (2009 est.)
+$+  4.3% (September 2009 est.)
4.2% (December 2008 est.)
 ,) ($  2.8%
.  2 +  3 -0.7% (2009 est.)
6% (2008 est.)

 ,1 '   2.79% (31 December 2009)
2.79% (31 December 2008)
, ', 16.9% of GDP (2009 est.)
15.6% of GDP (2008 est.)
' '  )*  9.9% (2009 est.)
/  ++' electrical and other machinery,
including data processing equipment, apparel, textiles, iron
and steel, optical and medical equipment
/ $1.204 trillion (2009 est.)
$1.435 trillion (2008 est.)
+ $954.3 billion (2009 est.)
$1.074 trillion (2008 est.)
( . . / * ' ' $2.426 trillion
(31 December 2009 est.)
$1.953 trillion (31 December 2008 est.)
        

 


   
   

The aforementioned challenges are certainly impeding the speedy growth of investment
and trade as per the potential. They can effectively be turned into opportunities through
comprehensive medium and long-term collaborative joint efforts.

The measures that may facilitate the achievement of desirable goals include timely
implementation of the agreements, creation of enabling environment, person-to-person
contacts to provide confidence and encourage the potential investors, operationalization
of Transit Trade Agreement, regular exchange of information to enable the stakeholders
to realize the ground realities, co-operation in business laws and procedures between
the businessmen of the two countries and a dispute resolution mechanism to avoid any
trade disputes and misgivings, improvement of security environment, engaging the
Chinese private sector on long-term basis for sustainable economic relations, revamping
the processing technologies with mutual co-operation in potential sectors like seafood
and leather products, value addition in cotton yarn and fabric, chrome and copper ores
and other industrial minerals and precious stones, relocation of industries through
restructuring, improvement of institutional frameworks for better communication and co-
ordination between the government agencies and representative trade and industry
bodies, which is essential for better understanding of business houses.

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