Sheldon: Body types

classified into :
• Endomorphic: are plump and round with a
tendency to be relaxed and outgoing
• Mesomorphic: Physiques are strong and
usually energetic and assertive (strong) in
personality
• Ectomorphic: tall and thin and tend to have
a fearful and restrained (self control)
personality
 Hippocrates : Humors
• Catagorised into 4 types
• Sanguine – Funny, affectionate, enjoy social
activities and make friends easily, imaginative,
creative
• Choleric - they have lot of ambition, energy,
passion, dominants Ex:politicians
• Melancholic - very kind, creative, perfectionist,
depression, be alone
• Phlegmatic – kind, shy, enthusiastic, lazy,
resistance to change, reliable
 Self - esteem
• Belief about one’s own self-worth
• High esteem – set their own goals, make
decisions, independent
• Low esteem – dependents, others set
goals, seek evaluation of others
 Intellectual openness
• Two personality types are identified based
on the openness of mind
• Dogmatism : rigidity of beliefs. Close
minded, meaning less
• Authoritarianism : respect authority,
positions of power, accept superiors
 Self-monitoring ability
• Persons ability to adjust to external
situations
• High self-monitors – adaptability in
behaviour,
• Low self-Monitors – express true attitudes,
feelings and intentions
 Locus of control
• Means people believe that they are in control of
events or events control them
• Classified into tow types based on LOC
• Internals : believe in controlling their destinies,
perform better, good decision makers,
managerial jobs. Control themselves
• Externals : believe that little control on lives.
Controlled by outsiders, dependents, dissatisfied
with job. Events occur purely by chance
 Machiavellianism
• Someone who is sneaky, conniving,
deceitful, untrustworthy
• High Machs: More detached, calculating
approach in interaction, compel power
• Low Machs: Personal, empathetic
approach, trusting of others, honest,
passive, submissive
 Emotional intelligence
• Contingency (uncertain) factor that affects the
behaviours of people. Emotions are influenced
by
• Place – athlete –field ,workplace
• Organizational codes – sincerity, enthusiasm,
confidence and sense of humor
• Cultural norms – service org employees should
smile, friendly. Israel – no smiling in
supermarkets,
 Behavioural intentions
• Attitudes – ‘+’ attitude towards job – good
performance
• Preferences - choice making, risk taking
preference influenced by past experience,
environment, reward
• Goals – preference of goal or set of goals
• Norms – rules of behaviour appropriate to the
society
• Beliefs – statement, theory you accept as a true.
It forms a basis for deciding, choosing and
acting.
 3 types of beliefs
• Behavioural belief - belief about consequences
of behaviour Ex. Good performance – reward
• Normative belief – Individuals perception about
particular behaviour, which is influenced by the
judgement of others. Ex. My boss like quick
decisions
• Control belief – an individual belief that may
facilitate performance of the behaviour Ex. For
creative thinking, there are no barriers in our org.
 Values
• Values are traits or qualities that are
considered worthwhile
• Ex. Quality is our policy – is based on
three values – innovativeness, teamwork,
excellence
 Psychoanalytical theory of Freud
• Sigmund Freud contributed major to this theory.
• Carl Jund, Alfred Adler are additional contribu.
• Based on the notion that man is motivated more
unseen forces
• psychoanalytical theory views the personality as
divided into three major systems though
interrelated but conflicting
– The id
– The ego
– The super ego
 Contd..
• Id: seeks immediate gratification (happy) for biological
and instinctual needs.
• Instincts could be classified under life-instincts and
death instincts
• Life instincts are hunger, thirst
• The id would proceed unchecked to satisfy motives.
• As an individual matures, he learns to control the id
• But remain driving force throughout life and an important
source of thinking and behaving
• Id wants immediate pleasure
 The Ego
• The ego is the conscious and logical part
of the human personality and associated
with reality principle.
• While id represents the unconscious part,
ego is conscious
• Ego denial or postponement to a more
appropriate time and place
• In order t resolve the conflict, the ego gets
support from the super ego
 The super ego
• Represents societal and personal norms
and serves as an ethical constraint on
behaviour
• It can best be described as a conscience
• Provides norms to ego to determine wrong
or right
• Based on a theoretical conception rather
than a measurable item for scientific
verification