DATA NETWORKS (TELE4352)

DATA NETWORKS
Tele4352
White.Cell
Company Presentation
To
Aurec Technologies
by
Dr. Johnson I Agbinya
September 10, 2000
jagbinya@bigpond.net.au
1 March 16, 2011
March 16, 2011 1
 DATA NETWORKS (TELE4352)

Data Networks
• 14 lectures for the course
• 1 Take home assignment (10%)
• Could be replaced by unannounced short quizzes in the class
• 2 Programming projects (15%)
• Final exam is 75%
• Normal Final exam (no open book)
• Laboratory component included in course
• Lecture slides will be placed on web site to be advised
• Lecture notes will also be placed on web site. First set of
notes will be available on the web 3 weeks from now.
• Consultations
• Tuesday 11 - 1.0 pm
• Thursdays 10 - 11 am

March 16, 2011 2

 DATA NETWORKS (TELE4352)

Data Networks
• Text and Reading Materials
• Data Networks (Bertsekas/Gallager)
• Performance Modeling of Communication networks (P.
Harrisson)
• Performance Evaluation of communication networks
(Higginbottom)
• Lecture notes and slides
• Late assignments will not be marked

March 16, 2011 3

 DATA NETWORKS (TELE4352)

Data Networks
• Course Outline
• Introduction to stochastic processes as applied to study
of telecommunication systems and traffic engineering
• Queuing system modeling and analysis, M/M/1 and M/G/1
queues.
• Networks of queues and priority queuing
• Reservation and polling systems.
• Packet classification and filtering algorithms.
• Packet forwarding, packet scheduling.
• Overview of ATM network protocols and architectures.
• Next generation Internet technologies: Ipv6, RTP and
RTCP and RSVP for signaling.
• WWW security.
• Recent developments in encryption algorithms (AES,
quantum cryptography, etc.)

March 16, 2011 4

 DATA NETWORKS (TELE4352)

Data Networks
• General definition
– network of computers
– mobile phone networks
– ad hoc networks
• components are distributed geographically
• Subscribers are connected to the networks
through links (wireless and with cables) and
nodes;

March 16, 2011 5

 DATA NETWORKS (TELE4352)

Wide Area Network

March 16, 2011 6

 DATA NETWORKS (TELE4352)

Wide Area Network

March 16, 2011 7

 DATA NETWORKS (TELE4352)

SubNets
• Composition of subnets
– Nodes (switches) inside connect by links
– terminals, computers, databases outside the subnets
• The terminals are the sources of data and/or
messages - outside the nodes. They are routed
from one node to the other until the messages
reach the destinations;
• The size of nodes and subnets depends on the
size and capacity of the network;
– Network of large (WAN) networks
– Network of medium size (LAN) networks
March 16, 2011 8
 DATA NETWORKS (TELE4352)

Terminologies
• Message
• Setup
• Session
• Packets
• Model
• A message
• Is a group of bytes (bits) that are wrapped together and sent
from source to destination. A message could be as small as a
single bit! Examples are:
• a file transfer
• an electronic mail
• A Packet
• Is a unit of a message. Messages are broken down into
packets and transmitted

March 16, 2011 9

 DATA NETWORKS (TELE4352)

Terminologies
• A Session
• A sequence of messages between source and destination or
between two users;
• You require a setup process to initiate a session between two
users. The setup often consists of establishment of a
connection between the users and/or reservation of all the
essential requirements that need to be provided for
communication between the two entities to take place;
• In connectionless communication, no setup might be required
as each message is sent individually and independently to its
receiver;

March 16, 2011 10

 DATA NETWORKS (TELE4352)

Characteristics of Sources
• On or Off
• A source node is either on or off and is often represented with
an on/off flow model;
• In the off state, its bit rate is zero;
• times between on/off states and in transition between the
states are randomly distributed;
• Model is typical of voice transmissions or sessions;

March 16, 2011 11

 DATA NETWORKS (TELE4352)

Modeling of Messages
• Models are used in data communication to describe the
behaviour of
• Arrival process (of messages in a session)
• Inter-arrival processes of messages have Poisson (or
exponential) distribution;
• Characteristics of Sessions
– arrival rate and its variability
• deterministic distribution
• uniform distribution
• Poisson distribution
– Holding time
– Expected delay and delay variability
– Length of message and its distribution
– Ordering of message and packets/reliability

March 16, 2011 12

 DATA NETWORKS (TELE4352)

Examples of Sessions
• Long sessions
– file transfer
• very long messages
• low arrival rate of messages
• relaxed delay requirements
• high reliability required
– high resolution graphics
• high reliability required
• stringent delay requirement
• low arrival rates

March 16, 2011 13

 DATA NETWORKS (TELE4352)

Examples of Sessions
• Short Sessions
– interactive terminal/computer
• low arrival rates
• moderately stringent delay requirement
• high reliability
– Voice Packets
• high arrival rates
• stringent delay requirements - must have a maximum point
• low reliability requirements

March 16, 2011 14

 DATA NETWORKS (TELE4352)

Switching of Messages
• Several approaches are used for switching messages
• Packet switching
• Circuit switching
• Virtual Circuit routing
• Circuit switching
• On initiation, each session s is allocated a transmission rate rs
• a path (circuit) is created between source and destination and
each link on this path must allocate a portion of its capacity
equal to rs to the session
• either TDM or FDM is used to allocate the rate and the sum of
all the rates for all sessions must not therefore be more than the
capacity of the link
• link utilisationλ X is poor, where 1/λ is the expected message
March 16, 2011 15
 DATA NETWORKS (TELE4352)

Switching of Messages
• Inter arrival time and
• X is the expected transmission time of the message
• Packet switching
• A shared link is used by all sessions
• no special rate allocation is necessary. The link is used when
needed.
• A message arriving at a node en route to a destination waits
for its turn in a queue for transmission
• links are fully used when traffic is available, but delay control
is difficult and needs to be done

March 16, 2011 16

 DATA NETWORKS (TELE4352)

Switching of Messages
• Virtual Circuit Routing
• This is similar to circuit switching in that a path is setup for the
packets to take to destination. This path is kept as long as the
session is on
• the capacity of each link is shared by the sessions as per demand
rather than fixed rate allocation
• typical of ATM based networks

March 16, 2011 17