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V Definitions
V International Phonetic Alphabet
V Speech Mechanism
V The Organs of Speech
V Sounds of Speech
V Processes of Speech Production
V Importance of sounds in denture
construction
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V Speech Records |
 g  is the study of production of
speech sounds.
 Spoken language is produced by the
movements of the organs of speech.
 All human beings have the same
organs of speech. So, theoretically
speaking, every normal human being
can produce any of the sounds of
human speech.
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Speech Sounds

 How they are produced: articulatory

 How they are perceived: auditory

 Their physical aspects: acoustic

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Transcription
V The most widely used tool in phonetics
is  

V A standardized set of symbols for
converting the continuous acoustic
stream into discrete, linguistically
relevant symbolic units
V The International Phonetic Alphabet is
the most widely used transcription tool
|   
The common vowels in General American English,
each represented by a symbol in the International
Phonetic Alphabet and illustrated in a word
The Consonants symbols and identifying key
words of 25 consonants are as follows:
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
Necessary because:
1) Inadequacy of orthography (spelling):
) one letter/digraph ² different sounds
laugh([f]) bright (ø) ghost ([g])
b) one sound ² different letters
believe ([i]´ee´) people ([i]) tree ([i]):
2) Cross-linguistic variation in orthography: Different
languages have different ways of representing the same
sound--
a) [k] :  in Italian ( ianti)
b) initial sound in ³church´ is written  (ciao)
3) A single sound is represented by more than one letter
|   gh = [f] in ³laugh´, f = [f] in ³fall´ etc. 
 

V 




 


 

    


|   
a  
 
6  
 
a 




6 

  

 

   



 

|   

<  
 
and ability to hear sound

V 

It is the act of expelling a column of air past the


vocal cord by the expiratory muscles,




As the expiratory air is expelled and leaves the lungs,


The vocal folds modify the stream of air
by creating resistance to it
 vibration of approximated vocal folds of the
larynx and complex tone is generated Vowel sounds and
voiced consonants phones.
  vocal folds (without vibration) and phonation
does not occur. They are the so called the voiceless
|   consonants (e.g. huh). 
 


Resonance is amplification of voice tone.


The sound waves produced at the vocal folds are
selectively amplified, by changing in the volume
(shape and size) of pharyngeal, oral and nasal
cavities, these cavities act as resonating chambers
(resonators) permitted by neuromuscular control.

 
     
The breath stream is shaped into sounds through impedance
produced by the various articulators. : the vocal folds, the velum and
the pharynx, the tongue,the lips and the alveoli.

    


All factors are highly coordinated by the central


|  nervous system. |
Anatomy and
physiology of
human respiration
and phonation
The Organs of Speech

V6 
 
V6 
 
V6    

|   
M   


  
   
    


  
 6 
  6    6 


 


    

!   6

  #    " 


  
  
  

6  
$   % 
|   
6  M 
 
 

|   

Aerodynamic
Model

Air flow
from
higher to
lower
pressure

|   
The Roof Of The Mouth
6 6     
    
 The    or the   
the hard convex surface just behind the upper
front teeth
 6   
  the hard concave
surface behind the teeth-ridge

 6 
  the soft portion behind
the hard palate
 6     a small fleshy structure at the
|  
end of the soft palate 
Muscles of the tongue
(speech, swallowing and mastication

V ë  
V !"# 
V   
V "  

|   
Muscle of the pharynx

V $ " 
% %
V & "    
V   '% 

|   
The larynx
The air from the lungs comes
through the ¦ 

   ,
 ,
at the top of which is the larynx.
In the larynx are two vocal cords,
cords,
which are like a pair of lips placed
horizontally from front to back.
They are joined in the front, but
can be separated at the back, and
the opening between them is called
the ..

|   
|   |
% ( $ " )
V 3 main cartilages:
V large, semicircular thyroid (Adam¶s apple) (connected
upwards to hyoid bone by thyrohyoid muscle/ligament
V smaller, solid cricoid ¦$ åsignet ring¶ $ # $$   %*
$ ( 
V 2 small, pyramid-shaped arytenoids    # ( #
( % ( %%
V Vocal folds connect vocal process of arytenoids to
inner front of thyroid cartilage

|   
  ¦   ¦ ¦ (' #
 ¦
Vertical structure of the vocal
folds during one vibratory cycle
The folds are three-
dimensional, and they
vibrate in three dimensions.
 
The pattern of vibration is
like a åwave¶ travelling up
them.
The lower sections part first,
  and come together first.

åCover¶ (outer layers) and


åbody¶ (inner layers) of folds
are often distinguished+
| 
|  
,(   -  ¬  



Starting and stopping voicing

  ¦   ¦


 ¦

V ,%  "     %*¦ 


 #  --posterior cricoarytenoid
 # 
'% 
V ,%
,%  "  ' $
 "  ' $
-interarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid
'% 
|   
Starting and stopping voicing

  ¦   ¦


 ¦

V ,%  "     %*¦ 


 #  --posterior cricoarytenoid
 # 
'% 
V ,%  "  ' $
-interarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid
'% 
|   

Starting and stopping voicing

  ¦   ¦


 ¦

V ,%  "     %*¦ 


 #  (posterior
 #  (posterior cricoarytenoid
muscle)
V ,%  "  ' $
-interarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid
'% 
|   
Pitch control

  ¦   ¦


 ¦

V Increasing pitch: %  % 


%  %  cricothyroid
cricothyroid
'%  #  (  ( %% # ¦  $".
  %* ( %% ' ¦   %*.  * 
"  ¦$   %$     (
   ( Ã
Ã
vibrate faster
V vocalist   $     % ( 
|   
Pitch control

  ¦   ¦


 ¦

V Increasing pitch: %  % 


%  %  cricothyroid
cricothyroid
'%  #  (  ( %% # ¦  $".
  %* ( %% ' ¦   %*.  * 
"  ¦$   %$     (
   ( Ã
Ã
vibrate faster
V vocalist   $     % ( 
|   |
Articulation is the production of the speech
sounds of language, those smallest units which,
    themselves (Vowels,
Vowels,
Consonants and Diphthongs), are combined to
form morphemes (words).

Morphemes the smallest     of the


language - words

Allophones variants of that sound, and they are


appropriately grouped into a family, called a "phoneme´

Phoneme (segmentation) Phoneme    


|  
  
 it may be pronounced by many|
different way
Phones vs Phonemes vs Allophone

Phones %% " ((  #%$  

Phonemes   ( #%$ $   * (( 


'  
Pot vs dot
Allophon
Allophon  ((  #$  %#    $  '
#$ '
Spin s(p)in vs pin (p h ) in
Ray vs tray
Ray and tray are the same sound (i.e.) the same
phoneme but in reality the two sounds are different
the r in ray is voiced and non fricative while the r in
|  
tray is voiceless and fricative |
/  $ 0 #  #    .
#    #  "  

syllable--initial syllable-
syllable syllable-medial syllable-
syllable-final

Pit [ph] spit [p] sip [p]

Tack [th] stack [t] sit [t]

Care [kh] scare [k] sick [k]

|   ||
Allophones of /t/
V D$  ¦ ¦  %     1 2 % 
#  % ((  " #    $
#$ % % )+  ) '# . $ #$ '  
3 #$ % %
V Syllables
V Composed of vowels and consonants. Not well
defined. Something like a ³vowel nucleus with
some of its surrounding consonants´.
V Stress
V Some syllables have more energy than others
V Stressed syllables versus unstressed syllables
V (an) åINsult vs. (to) in¶SULT
V (an) åOBject vs. (to) ob¶JECT
V Unstressed vowels are generally transcribed as
schwa:
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V ax |
Articulatory phonetics properties of the
production mechanism, it is concerned with the
movements of muscles and other bits of anatomy
which produce human speech sounds
Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical
properties of the speech sounds, as transmitted
between mouth and ear. such as duration and energy.
It relies on instrumental analysis to extract these
properties
Auditory phonetics is the study of perceptual
response of speech sounds as mediated by ear,
|   |

auditory nerve and brain


There are 4 processes involved in speech
production:--
production:
The Air stream Process
The Phonation Process
The Oro-
Oro-Nasal Process
The Articulatory Process
|   |

V 6        


†
 
in which the lungs and the respiratory muscles set the air-
air-
stream in motion (Contract lungs)
†  
in which the larynx, with the glottis firmly closed, is moved
up or down to initiate the air-
air-stream
† · 
in which the back of the tongue in firm contact with the
soft palate is pushed forward or pulled back to initiate the
air--stream ( Expand portion of oral cavity )
air
|   |
V These air-streams can be:
air-
†  + +33 $   #$ 
$   #$ 
++.   ( /  $  !  
#% ¦$
#% ¦$


   00



   
 '+ -(%   . 
†  ++. $   #  
++.  $ $  '   #% ¦$





  % 0
% 0 '+-%*  
 
|   |
Phonation occurs at the GLOTTIS, All pulmonic
sounds are either VOICED or VOICELESS.
·     ADDucted V C.
·    ABDUCTED V C.

in voiceless sounds There is usually a


slight hiss produced at the glottis but no
buzz..
There are other possible positions for the vocal
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cords, such as in WHISPER or CREAK, 
The State of the Glottis
(phonation Process)
V When we breath in and out, the glottis is
open. That is, the vocal cords are drawn
wide apart producing   
  ..
V If the vocal cords are held loosely
together, the pressure of the air coming
from the lungs makes them vibrate
vibrate;; that is,
they open and close regularly many times
a second. Sounds produced in this way are
|   called    
   .. 
Voicing
Cords vibrating - voiced
are accompanied by vibration of
the VOCAL CORDS (ADDucted)

Cords open ± voiceless


sounds are produced with
the vocal cords ABDUCTED,
leaving a sizeable gap
between the vocal folds. This
gap is what we call the
GLOTTIS
|   
There are 4 processes involved in speech
production:--
production:
The Air stream Process
The Phonation Process
The Oro-
Oro-Nasal Process
The Articulatory Process
|   |
3- State of the soft palate
Oro-nasal process

©     

a    
 %
 a    
 


&    




&   
 %
 &   
 


a     

|   
a  '
   

3- State of the soft palate

|   
4-The Articulators
V The organs of speech above the glottis are
the articulators involved in the production of
consonants:
V Active articulator
V the lower lip and the tongue
V Passive articulator
V the upper lip, the upper teeth, the roof of the
mouth and the back wall of the throat (or
Pharynx).

V In the production of a consonant, the active


articulator is moved towards the passive
|   articulator. 
6 g
g 
6 6M 6 6M
   (
 "

 
  (
 "


 
 6  
 "


 
   
  
 
 

  6  
 #   

g $   
 #   


  !
  

 
   

   %  
 "  
|   

,% 

PP

 Ã  

P
P
P 

  P
P

 P P  P 


 
Places of articulation
PP

 PP
 P  P
 P
P

P

P  P

  P

P
  P P P
Classification of sounds according to
laryngeal action and manner of production
p     " voiceless sounds
V  ½  # voiced sounds   "  '#
" $   
|  :  articulated speech sound
A- Stops (plosives):
, %$  %4 " %'#  ##  ( $ 
 ' " $  .    # ( #  $
 % ".       )#  ( $
 $ (e.g. P,B).
B -The fricatives:
$  %4 " (% ( $   '.  
(% $$  " %  %   ¦
|   
#  ¦ " ++ /S/, /f/, /z/.
C- The affricates:
5$ ((%  -  %  6 ((% 6 
%'   ( ¦ %   e.g. d3
D- Nasal ,   #% " % ( %'# 
 % .   $ %  $   %  (
 #  + 5$ ( #   ¦  $
 #  $$ $ + E.g. N, M
E-The Glides:
     "   '# % (   '
$  % %$  %%  $  $"  "
%% " #$" % "   $  
e.g. H, W, J, Hw+
F- Semi vowels:    $   '# % ( $
|    $  ' ( . e.g. R, L. 
Manner
6  of an articulation specifies   6 6, i.e.
the narrowing of the oral tract, which is required to produce a particular
sound. We distinguish |  6 6, as follows:-

66 6M  


        
      

         
 
       
  
 
    
  
         
  
M          
    
 
    
All speech sounds must fall into one of these three categories. Any speech
|  
sound is therefore identifiable as a STOP, a FRICATIVE or an |

APPROXIMANT.
Sounds according to laryngeal action
and manner of production
Classification of sounds according
to The Place of Articulation

This method of classification of sounds is


probably most meaningful to the prosthodontist
since it highlights those consonants most
affected by dental conditions

1- ·¦ 
2-   

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