Banyak Sedikit
Abad ke-20:
Tetap Semakin
Banyak
Terkait frekuensi
timbulnya gejala:
1. Kolitis ulseratif
fulminan akut
2. Kolitis kronis
intermiten
3. Kolitis kronis
kontinu
(Price,
1. Faktor genetik
2. Sistem imun
3. Infeksi
4. Psikologik
5. Lingkungan
FAKTOR GENETIK
FAKTOR MIKROBIOLOGIS
glikolipid Bakteri
Produksi antibodi
antitropomiosin oleh
sel B
CONT...
Sel Th1, Th17, Th2 Produksi IL13
Permeabilitas
Aktivasi eosinofil
Bakteri masuk
Produksi proinflamasi
Patogenesis
Reaksi autoimun
Manifestasi ekstraintestinal
Mata Sendi
Kulit
Epitel empedu
DIAGNOSIS
ANAMNESIS DIARE
BERDARAH
PEMERIKSAAN
FISIK
AUSKULTASI: PERKUSI:
INSPEKSI:
PALPASI:
Bising usus Nyeri dan
•Perut
terdengar normal, Nyeri tekan terdengar
kembung
namun dapat abdomen suara timpani
•Atrofi otot
ditemukan suara (tenderness) akibat adanya
•Takipnea
gemerincing flatulen
bernada tinggi
PEMERIKSAAN
PENUNJANG Kolonoskopi: Tes Feses:
Tes Darah:
•Peradangan •Darah
Sel darah
•Perdarahan •Bakteri
putih
•Ulkus Kolon •Parasit
DIAGNOSIS BANDING
Perbedaan Kolitis Ulseratif dan Crohn’s Disease
No
Gambaran karakteristik Kolitis Ulseratif Crohn’disease
PENGOBATAN
Kortikosteroid
Antikolinergik
OPERATIVE
PROGNOSIS
1. Komplikasi lokal 2. Komplikasi sistemik
a. Fistula, fisura, abses a. Pioderma
rektal gangrenosa
b. Fistula rektovagina b. Episkleritis, uveitis,
c. Penyempitan lumen artritis, spondilitis
usus ankilosa
d. Dilatasi toksik atau c. Gangguan fungsi
megakolon hati
e. Perdarahan masif
f. Karsinoma kolon
g. Kanker kolon
Price (2005)
1. Terapi medis
a. Preparat asam 5-aminosalisat (5-
ASA)
b. Kortikosteroid
c. Azathioprin
d. 6-merkaptopurin
e. Metronidazol
f. Beberapa jenis antibiotic
g. Siklosporin
2. Dukungan gizi
a. Pemberian nutrisi enteral atau
parenteral
b. Diet yang baik dan seimbang dengan
kandungan protein dan kalori tinggi
c. Suplementasi multivitamin, zat besi,
dan asam folat
3. Tindakan pembedahan
a. Kolektomi total
b. Ileostomi
Wong, (2008)
KESIMPULAN
• Scene size-up
– Safety
• General Impression
– Trauma
– Medical
54
Assessment
• Initial assessment
– Airway
– Breathing
– Circulation
– Disability
– Chief Complaint
55
Assessment
• Focused history
– OPQRST
– Previous history of same event
– Change in bowel habits/stool
• Constipation
• Diarrhea
• Melena
56
Assessment
• Focused history
– Weight loss
– Last meal
– Chest pain
• Focused physical examination
– Appearance
– Posture
– Level of consciousness
– Apparent state of health
57
Assessment
• Focused Physical Exam
– Skin color
– Vital signs
– Inspect abdomen
– Auscultate abdomen
– Percuss abdomen (if you dare)
– Palpate abdomen
– Female abdominal exam
– Male abdominal exam
58
Management/Treatment Plan
• Airway and ventilatory support
– High flow oxygen
– Resp. status
• Circulatory support
– EKG/pulse
– Monitor B/P
• Pharmacological interventions
– IV
– Pain management, as appropriate (usually call for
medical consult)
59
Let’s Talk About Pain!
60
Management, Treatment (cont.)
• NPO
• Monitor mentation
• Monitor vital signs
• Position of comfort
• Transport considerations
– Persistent pain for > 6 hours
requires transport
– Gentle but rapid transport
• Psychological support
– Calm, caring attitude
61
Abdominal Emergencies