Florence Stella
LI 1
ANATOMI TELINGA
Anatomi
7
LI 2
HISTOLOGI TELINGA
Histologi
• Sistem pendengaran berhubungan dengan pendengaran dan
keseimbangan
• Sistem pendengaran terdiri dari tiga bagian utama: telinga
luar, telinga tengah, dan telinga bagian dalam.
• Gelombang bunyi yang diterima oleh telinga luar getaran
mekanis oleh membran timpani amplifikasi oleh tulang
telinga tengah ke media cair telinga dalam melalui tingkap
oval transmisi ke otak oleh 2 bagian saraf vestibulokoklear
• Telinga dalam berisi perilimf, tergantung suatu labirin
membranosa atur pendengaran dan mempertahankan
keseimbangan
Telinga Luar
Faktor resiko :
• Dermatitis kronik liang telinga luar
• Liang telinga sempit
• Produksi serumen banyak dan kering
• Adanya benda asing di liang telinga
• Kebiasaan mengorek telinga
Serumen Prop
Serumen Prop
Pemeriksaan penunjang :
• Anamnesa : pasien dating dengan keluhan pendengaran menurun
disertai rasa penuh pada telinga, biasanya disertai tinnitus dan
vertigo, nyeri apabila serumen sudah mengeras dan menekan M.
Tympani
• Otoskopi: dapat terlihat adanya obstruksi liang telinga oleh
material berwarna kuning kecoklatan atau kehitaman. Konsistensi
dari serumen dapat bervariasi.
• Pada pemeriksaan penala dapat ditemukan tuli konduktif akibat
sumbatan serumen
Indikasi :
Indikasi untuk mengeluarkan serumen adalah sulit untuk melakukan evaluasi membran
timpani, otitis eksterna, oklusi serumen dan bagian dari terapi tuli konduktif.
Kontraindikasi :
dilakukannya irigasi adalah adanya perforasi membran timpani. Bila terdapat keluhan tinitus,
serumen yang sangat keras dan pasien yang tidak kooperatif merupakan kontraindikasi dari
suction.
Serumen Prop
KIE :
• Menghindari membersihkan telinga secara berlebihan,
Dianjurkan serumen dikeluarkan 6 -12 bulan sekali.
Komplikasi :
Trauma pada telinga dan M. tympani saat mengeluarkan
serumen
INFLAMASI PADA AURIKULAR
HERPES ZOSTER PADA TELINGA
Herpes zoster oticus
• Herpetic vesicular rash on the concha, external
auditory canal or pinna with LMN palsy of the
ipsilateral facial nerve.
• Ramsay hunt type 1
• Second commonest cause of unilateral facial
palsy
• Etiopathology: reactivation of varicella zoster in
geniculate ganglion of N. VII & spiral and
vestibular ganglia of N. VIII
Scott-Brown's Otolaryngology, Head and Neck
S O A P
Painful, Physical Herpes Zoster Acyclovir
burning examination: Oticus 800mg x 5/d
blisters in and vesicular
around the ear, exanthem, at Prednisolone
on the face, in external (1 mg/kg/day)
the mouth, auditory canal,
and/or on the concha, and
tongue pinna
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burtin MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS et al, editors. Scott-
Brown’s Otolaryngology, 7th ed. p.970, 1267-8.
OTITIS EXTERNA
Otitis Externa
Definisi Faktor Predisposisi
• Generalized condition of the
skin of the external auditory
canal that is characterized
by general oedema and
erythema associated with
itchy discomfort and usually
an ear discharge.
Otitis Externa
Etiology
• Any condition or situation that disturbs the lipid/acid balance of the ear predispose
• Water and moisture change from a predominantly Gram-positive skin flora to a Gram-
negative one.
• Inflamed healthy cerumen is rapidly removed from the ear and is no longer produced.
• Bathing bathing in freshwater lakes containing pseudomonas
• Allergies reactions treatment of otitis externa is often with topical medications and
sensitivity to these can actually exacerbate the condition (neomycin, steroid)
• Secondary bacterial infection
Pathology
STAGE 1 : PRE-INFLAMMATORY
• The protective lipid/acid balance lost and the stratum corneum becomes
oedematous, blocking off the sebaceous and apocrine glands producing aural
fullness and itching with further oedema and scratching disruption of the
epithelial layer and invasion of resident or introduced organisms
STAGE 2 : ACUTE INFLAMMATORY
• Progressively thickening exudate, further oedema, obliteration of the lumen
(mild, little or no obliteration; moderate, subtotal obliteration; severe,
complete obliteration) and increasing pain
• Severe stages auricular changes and cervical lymphadenopathy
STAGE 3 : CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY
• lasting longer than three weeks
• Thickening of the external canal skin and fibrous canal stenosis
Otitis Externa
Diagnosis Prognosis dan Komplikasi
• Pain, itch, oedema, • If untreated mild attacks of otitis
externa can spontaneously resolve as
erythema of the external the epithelial barrier becomes re-
auditory canal with established
purulent otorrhea and • If the inflammation progresses faster
than repair, increasing pain, otorrhoea
debris in the meatus and oedema of the canal occurs
• Due to the rich lymphatic drainage of
the area, lymphadenopathy often
occurs and soft tissue infection
progresses perichondritis,
chondritis, cellulitis, parotitis and/or
erysipelas
Management
AURAL TOILET
• Most effective single treatment
• Irrigation of the ear canal is effective for the removal of debris
TOPICAL MEDICATION
• Glycerol and ichthammol is commonly used with an aural wick for moderate and severe cases
• proven dehydrating and antiinflammatory properties and antibacterial activity against
Streptoccoci and Staphylococci, poor activity against Pseudomonas
• The dehydrating reduces canal oedema and also helps reduce pain, oral analgesia
moderate or severe cases
• Nonsteroidal antiinflammatories (not contraindicated) excellent analgesics for otitis externa
PREVENTION OF RECCURENCE
• Prone to recurrent attacks, avoidance of water penetration into the ear
• Cotton wool with petroleum jelly work well in the bath or shower and custom made ear
moulds expensive
• Neoprene head bandages are a useful adjunct with the above for children in swimming pools.
• The use of alcohol or proprietary preparations after swimming
• Blow-driers help remove moisture
Otomikosis
• Fungal otitis externa
• Hot, humid climates, secondary to prolonged
treatment with topical antibiotics.
• Predispose diabetes and
immunocompromised
• Etiology :
– Aspergillus 80 – 90%
– Candida 10 – 20%
• Clinical finding :
– Black, grey, green, yellow or white discharge
with debris
– Sometimes debris is seen with visible fungal
hyphae
Management
• Toilet and removal of the debris
• Topical antifungal drops (e.g. Locorten-Vioform)
• Resistant otomycosis immunotherapy with
dermatophyte (Trichophyton, Oidiomycetes and
Epidermophyton (TOE)) extracts and dust mite
TOC
• Fungi can cause invasive otitis externa especially
in immunocompromised patients systemic
antifungal
BENDA ASING
Foreign bodies in the ear
Etiology Symptoms
• Most commonly: cotton wool, • Children may present
insects, beads, paper, small toys asymptomatically, or pain or
and erasers
a discharge caused by otitis
• Foreign bodies in the external
auditory meatus are most
externa
commonly seen in children who • Live insects in the ear,
have inserted them into their own commonly small
ears cockroaches, are annoying
• Adults are often seen with cotton due to discomfort created
wool or broken matchsticks which
have been used to clean or
by loud noise and
scratch the ear canal movement
Therapy
Complications
• Lacerations of the canal skin
• Otitis externa
• Facialnerve palsy secondary to leakage of alkaline
materialfrom a button battery and necrosis of the
surrounding tissue (rare)
• Complications may occur during attempted removal:
canal wall lacerations
• Damage and perforation of the tympanic membrane,
and even ossicular chain dislocation or fracture may
occur
Otitis Media Akut
Bakteri
Haemophilus
influenzae
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
Moraxella catarrhalis
Streptococcus
aureus
Bakteri lain
Tidak tumbuh
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burtin MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS et al, editors. Scott-Brown’s Otolaryngology, 7 th ed.
Otitis Media Akut
Diagnosa Tatalaksana
• Injeksi timpani • Antibiotik tidak
• Hiperemis pd membran direkomendasikan pd 48
• Bulging jam pertama
• Ada perforasi & otorrhea • Analgesik
Komplikasi
• Mastoiditis akut
• Facial palsy
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burtin MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS et al, editors. Scott-Brown’s Otolaryngology, 7 th ed.
Management of Acute Episodes
Conservative treatment • Ibuprofen
(analgesics and anti- • Paracetamo
pyrexials) l
Indication Antibiotic :
• Who fails improve after Antibiotic
2-3 days of watchful • Amoxicillin-
waiting clavulonate
• An iregular illness • Cefuroxime axetil
course orally
• High risk : • Ceftriaxone IM
immunodeficiencies
Indication of surgical
treatment:
• Severe cases (complication Myringotomy
is present/ suspected)
• To relieve severe pain
MASTOIDITIS
Mastoiditis
• Infeksi dan peradangan yang meluas ke rongga mastoid
selama otitis media akut.
• Epidemiologi:
– Anak-anak 28% <1 tahun, 38% 1-4 tahun, 21% 4-8 tahun, 8%
8-18 tahun, 4% >18 tahun.
• Infeksi dapat menyebar ke periosteum mastoid melalui
vena mastoiditis akut dengan periostitis.
• Tidak ada abses, lipatan post-aurikular mungkin terasa
penuh, pina mungkin terdorong ke depan dan ada bengkak
ringan, eritema dan tenderness di daerah post-aurikular.
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burtin MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS et al, editors. Scott-Brown’s Otolaryngology, 7 th ed.
Mastoiditis
• Osteitis mastoid akut infeksi terjadi
merusak os mastoid abses subperiosteal
(daerah post-aurikular)
• Abses zigomatikus dpt berkembang diatas dan
didepan pinna
• Perforasi korteks medial mastoid, berjalan dari
sternomastoid ke posterior triangle abses
bezold
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burtin MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS et al, editors. Scott-Brown’s Otolaryngology, 7 th ed.
Mastoiditis
• Etiologi:
– Sekitar 20% tidak ada bakteri
– Streptococcus pneumoniae
– Streptococcus pyogenes
– Pseudomonas aeruginosa
– Staphylococcus aureus are the most commonly
reported
– Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis,
Proteus mirabilis and Gram-negative anaerobes rarely.
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burtin MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS et al, editors. Scott-Brown’s Otolaryngology, 7 th ed.
Mastoiditis
• Tanda & gejala: • Diagnosis
– Otalgia – Full blood count
– Iritabilitas pada anak – CRP
– Bulging membran timpani – Kultur darah
– Bengkak retro-aurikular – CT-scan / MRI
– Eritema retro-aurikular
– Pireksia
– Protrusion pinna
– Penurunan dinding
posterior kanal auditori
eksternal (karena abses
subperiosteal)
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burtin MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS et al, editors. Scott-Brown’s Otolaryngology, 7 th ed.
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burtin MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS et al, editors. Scott-Brown’s Otolaryngology, 7 th ed.
Mastoiditis
• Diagnosa banding
– AOM, otitis externa, furunculosis dan reactive
lymphadenopathy.
– Undiagnosed cholesteatoma, Wegener's
granulomatosis, leukaemia dan histiocytosis
• Tatalaksana:
– Myringotomy (dengan atau tanpa ventilation tube
placement
– IV AB dosis tinggi
– Drainase dengan atau tanpa mastoidektomi kortikal
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burtin MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS et al, editors. Scott-Brown’s Otolaryngology, 7 th ed.
Mastoiditis
S Otalgia, iritabel pd anak
O • Bulging membran timpani
• Bengkak & eritema retro-aurikular
• Pe↓an dinding posterior kanal auditori eksternal
• Protrusion pinna
A • Full blood count
• CRP
• Kultur darah
• CT-scan / MRI
P • Miringotomi
• IV AB dosis tinggi
• Drainase dengan atau tanpa mastoidektomi kortikal
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burtin MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS et al, editors. Scott-Brown’s Otolaryngology, 7 th ed.
Mastoiditis
Examination DD and Complication
• Full blood count, CRP, blood • DD :
culture – AOM
– Otitis externa
• CT scan of mastoid
– Furunculosis
– Reveal osteitis, abscesses,
– Reactive lymphadenopathy
intracranial complications
– Undiagnosed cholesteatoma
– Wegener’s granulomatosis
• Complications
– Intracranial complications (6-
17%)
Treatment
• Modern antimicrobials + • Myringotomy with/-out
radiographic monitoring
ventilation tube placement
• Early performance of myringotomy
• Mastoid surgery (mastoidectomy) • Culture of aspirate & high-
– Indication failure of improvement dose IV antibiotics
despite aggressive medical
management, development of other
• Abscess drainage with/-
intracranial complications out cortical
– Goal of surgery drainage of mastiodectomy
mastoid, removal of granulation
tissue, restoration of normal – If failure to improve,
ventilatory pathways subperiosteal abscess
– + continuation of antibiotic theraoy formation, complication
postoperatively for weeks
developments
MASTOIDITIS
Definisi: INFLAMASI PADA RONGGA MASTOID DI TULANG TEMPORAL
ETIOLOGY:
Common: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus
pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
Staphylococcus aureus.
Less common: Haemophilus influenzae.
Rare: Moraxella catarrhalis, Proteus mirabilis and
Gram-negative anaerob.
FOUR CLASSES OF MASTOIDITIS
1.Acute mastoiditis: episodes of AOM -> infection and
inflammation naturally extend into mastoid cavity
2.Acute mastoiditis with periosteitis: infection spread to
mastoid periosteum. No abcess, full post-auricular crease,
pinna pushed forward, mild swelling, erythema and
tenderness of post-aural region.
3.Acute mastoid osteitis: infection destroys bone of mastoid
air cells, subperiosteal abcess develops, zygomatic abscess
above and in front of pinna, perforation of medial mastoid
cortex -> Bezold's abscess, pus tracking down to
retropharyngeal abscess.
4.Subacute ('masked') mastoiditis: 10-14 days after
incompletely treated AOM. No symptoms, otalgia and fever
MASTOIDITIS
SYMPTOMS:
• Otalgia
• Irritability
• Pyrexia (less common if treated with AB)
• Otorrhea (present in 30%)
SIGNS:
• Red or bulging tympanic membrane
• Normal drum (variable)
• Retroauricular sweilling (80%)
• Retroauricular erythmeam (50-84%)
• Tenderness
• Pinna protrusion (2/3 cases)
• Sagging of posterior wall of external
auditory canal (from subperiosteal abscess
formation; but uncommon)
Failure to improve:
• subperiosteal abscess formation -> abscess drainage (with or
without mastoidectomy.)
MIRINGITIS BULLOSA
Miringitis Bullosa
Definition Etiology
• Bullous myringitis • Cultures from aspirates of
(myringitis bullosa the vesicles and middle ear
haemorrhagica) the fuid similar to that in
finding of vesicles in the acute otitis media
superficial layer of the • Infection by influenza virus
tympanic membrane or by Mycoplasma
• The vesicles occur between pneumoniae has been
the outer epithelium and suggested as the aetological
the lamina propia of the agent but no evident for
tympanic membrane this
Miringitis Bullosa
Symptoms Signs
• Sudden onsetof severe, usually • Otoscopy: blood-filled,
unilateral, often throbbing pain serous or serosangious
in the ear blisters involving the
• The symptoms usually set in tympanic membrane &
during or following an upper sometimes the medial aspect
respiratory tract infection of the ear canal
• A bloodstained discharge can be
• A serosanginous secretion
present for a couple of hours
can be seen if the blisters
• Hearing impairment (conductive
rupture
and/or sensorineural)is common
in the affected ear • Tympanic membrane is intact
Examination
• Inspection of the ear
• Pneumatic otoscopy and tympanometry help
determine whether the middle ear contains fluid
• Clinical evaluation of the crainal nerves and, in
particular, the facial nerve to distinguish from
herpes zoster oticus
• Pure-tone audiogram including bone conduction
thresholds is essential for detection of
sensorineural hearing impairment
Diagnosis
Diagnosis Differential diagnosis
• Based on physical • Acute otitis media
examination: vesicles in the • Herpes zoster oticus
superficial layer of the /Ramsay Hunt Syndrome
tympanic membrane are
present
Therapy
• Without middle ear affection and without
sensorineural hearing loss analgesics
• When the middle ear is affected antibiotics
can be used as in the treatment of acute otitis
media
• In children <2 yrs acute bullous myringitis
should be trated as acute otitis media
Miringitis Bulosa
• Adanya vesikel di lapisan superfisial membran
timpani dimana vesikel terbentuk diantara
epitel luar dan lamina propia membran
timpani
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burtin MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS et al, editors. Scott-Brown’s Otolaryngology, 7 th ed.
Etiologi
• Hasil kultur aspirasi vesikel / cairan telinga
tengah = OMA
• Terjadi pada semua umur, paling sering pada
anak, remaja dan dewasa muda
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burtin MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS et al, editors. Scott-Brown’s Otolaryngology, 7 th ed.
Gejala
• Sakit parah dengen onset tiba2
• Unilateral
• Nyeri berdenyut (paling sering)
• Gejala biasanya terjadi bersama / sesudah ISPA
• Eksudat darah dapat muncul dalam beberapa
jam
• Gangguan pendengaran (konduktif /
sensoneural)
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burtin MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS et al, editors. Scott-Brown’s Otolaryngology, 7 th ed.
Tanda
• Otoskopi adanya darah, serosa / serosangious
blisters (lepuhan) pada membran timpani
kadang sampai ke saluran telinga medial
• Sekret serosangious terjadi saat lepuhan
pecah
• Anak2 ada cairan di telinga tengah
• 17 – 20 thn gangguan pendengaran /
penurunan pendengaran
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burtin MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS et al, editors. Scott-Brown’s Otolaryngology, 7 th ed.
Diagnosis
• PF vesikel pada lapisan superfisial membran
timpani
• Mikroskop telinga
• Pneumotic otoscopy dan timpanometri
melihat telinga tengah (cairan + / -)
• Audiogram cek gangguan pendengaran
sensorineural
• Pemeriksaan saraf dan serologis menyingkiran
DD HZO
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burtin MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS et al, editors. Scott-Brown’s Otolaryngology, 7 th ed.
Tatalaksana
• Analgesik tanpa keterlibatan telinga tengah
dan tidak ada gangguan pendengaran
sensorineural
• Antibiotik (amoxicilin) keterlibatan telinga
tengah dan pendengaran sensorineural
(membaik dalam 3 bulan)
• Tatalaksana seperti OMA anak <2 tahun
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burtin MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS et al, editors. Scott-Brown’s Otolaryngology, 7 th ed.
Kelainan telinga dalam
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burtin MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS et al, editors. Scott-Brown’s Otolaryngology, 7 th ed.
Timpanosklerosis
• Menyebabkan :
– Gangguan transmisi suara.
– Imobilitas penghubung tulang pendengaran.
• Gejala : umumnya asimtomatik.
• Pemeriksaan (otoskopi) :
– Penipisan dan atau kekeruhan lokal atau umum pars tensa
– Plak berbentuk bulan sabit atau tapal kuda
• Tatalaksana :
– Timpanoplasti
– Rekonstruksi tulang pendengaran
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burtin MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS et al, editors. Scott-Brown’s Otolaryngology, 7 th ed.
Snow JB, Wackym PA, editors. Ballenger’s Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery 17.
Timpanosklerosis
S O A P
• Asimtomatik • Pars tensa menipis • Otoskopi • Timpanoplasti
• Bisa merupakan hasil dr dan atau keruh • Rekonstruksi
proses penyembuhan • Tampak plak tulang
• Dpt terjadi ggn brbentuk spt bulan pendengaran
pendengaran sabit atau tapal kuda
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burtin MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS et al, editors. Scott-Brown’s Otolaryngology, 7 th ed.
Snow JB, Wackym PA, editors. Ballenger’s Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery 17.
Cholesteatoma
• End stage of retraction of the pars tensa or
flaccida
• Not self-cleansing, retain epithelial debris and
elicit a secondary inflammatory mucosal
reaction
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burtin MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS et al, editors. Scott-Brown’s Otolaryngology, 7 th ed.
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burtin MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS et al, editors. Scott-Brown’s Otolaryngology, 7 th ed.
Etiology
• Squamous metaplasia
– From the middle ear mucosa
– From the skin of the tympanic membrane (best evidence)
• Misplaced epithelium
– From retraction pockets (most likely) initiating factor:
dysfunction of the Eustachian tube negative middle ear pressure
– From papillary ingrowth through the tympanic membrane
– From ingrowth of squamous epithelium through a perforation
– From implantation of squamous epithelium in the middle ear as a
result of trauma to the tympanic membrane, either through injury
or by surgery
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burtin MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS et al, editors. Scott-Brown’s Otolaryngology, 7 th ed.
Cholesteatoma
S Hearing impairment
O Otorrhea, discharge, crusts (dried discharge)
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burtin MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS et al, editors. Scott-Brown’s Otolaryngology, 7 th ed.
Kolesteatoma
• The stratified squamous epithelium of the
tympanic membrane and external ear
canal can migrate prior to being shed at
the entrance to the external meatus
the ear canal protects itself from filling
with shed keratinocytes.
• Under some circumstances, squamous
epithelium accumulates within the
temporal bone if the squamous
epithelium and accumulating
keratinocytes are within the middle ear
space cholesteatoma
Klasifikasi
Congenital Cholesteatoma Acquired Cholesteatoma
• Keratin cysts may accumulate • Keratin accumulates within a diverticulum
of tympanic membrane squamous
because the epithelium from
epithelium which extends into the middle
which they arise is closed as a ear keratin accumulates as a result of
result of developmental inadequate epithelial migration
abnormality or may be iatrogenic. • Proses :
– Immigration migration of squamous
• Criteria of Derlaki and Clemis: epithelium into the middle ear through a defect
– white mass medial to an intact in the tympanic membrane
tympanic membrane – Retraction progressive retraction of the
tympanic membrane, either in the pars flaccida
– normal pars tensa and flaccida or associated with atrophy of the pars tensa
– no previous history of ear – Basal cell hyperplasia proliferation of the
basal layers of the keratinizing epithelium of
discharge, perforation or pars flaccida
previous otological procedures
Klasifikasi : Iatrogenic Cholesteatoma
Pro : Ny. X
Usia : Dewasa